人性论（上下）

作者简介

《人性论》是休谟一生中最重要的著作。书中作者试图通过对人性的研究来揭示制约人的理智、情感和道德行为的准则。全书分为三卷：“论知性”，阐述了他的怀疑论和经验主义认识论；第二卷“论情感”，提出情感而非理性是善和美的基础；第三卷“论道德”，论述了快乐论、功利论的伦理学理论以及人性论、约定论的政治学理论。

书籍目录

INTRODUCTION

BOOK I  OF THE UNDERSTANDING

PART I  OF IDEAS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION, CONNEXION, ABSTRACTION, ETC.

PART II  OF THE IDEAS OF SPACE AND TIME

PART III  OF KNOWLEDGE AND PROBABILITY

PART IV  OF THE SCEPTICAL AND OTHER SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY

BOOK II  OF THE PASSIONS

PART I  OF PRIDE AND HUMILITY

PART II  OF LOVE AND HATRED

PART III  OF THE WILL AND DIRECT PASSIONS

BOOK III  OF MORALS

ADVERTISEMENT

PART I  OF VIRTUE AND VICE IN GENERAL

PART II  OF JUSTICE AND INJUSTICE

PART III  OF THE OTHER VIRTUES AND VICES

APPENDIX

内容概要

大卫•休谟（1711－1776），英国哲学家、经济学家和历史学家，被视为英国启蒙运动以及西方哲学历史中最重要的人物之一，与法国的伏尔泰和卢梭是同时代人。他与贝克莱一样是从洛克的经验论出发的，不过他在经验论上比洛克和贝克莱更彻底，合乎逻辑地得出了怀疑主义的结论。与约翰•洛克及乔治•贝克莱并称三大英国经验主义者。

章节摘录

　　PART Ⅰ　　OF IDEAS，THEIR ORIGIN， COMPOSITION，CONNEXION， ABSTRACTION， ETC.　　SECT.Ⅰ Of the origin of our Ideas　　All the perceptions of the human mind resolve themselves intotwo distinct kinds， which I shall call IMPRESSIONS and IDEASThe difference betwixt these consists in the degrees of force andliveliness， with which they strike upon the mind， and make theirway into our thought or consciousness. Those perceptions， whichenter with most force and violence， we may name impressions：and under this name I comprehend all our sensations， passionsand emotions， as they make their first appearance in the soul. Byideas I mean the faint images of these in thinking and reasoning;such as， for instance， are all th. e perceptions excited by the presentdiscourse， excepting only those which arise from the sight andtouch， and excepting the immediate pleasure or uneasiness it mayoccasion. I believe it will not be very necessary to employ many words in explaining this distinction. Every one of himself will readilyperceive the difference betwixt feeling and thinking. The commondegrees of these are easily distinguished; tho' it is not impossiblebut in particular instances they may very nearly approach to eachother. Thus in sleep， in a fever， in madness， or in any very violentemotions of soul， our ideas may approach to our impressions， As onthe other hand it sometimes happens， that our impressions are soFaint and low， that we cannot distinguish them from our ideas. Butnotwithstanding this near resemblance in a few instances， they arein general so very different， that no-one can make a scruple to rankthem under distinct heads， and assign to each a peculiar name tomark the difference.　　There is another division of our perceptions， which it willbe convenient to observe， and which extends itself both to ourimpressions and ideas. This division is into SIMPLE and COMPLEX.Simple perceptions or impressions and ideas are such as admit of nodistinction nor separation. The complex are the contrary to these，and may be distinguished into parts. Tho'a particular colour， taste，and smell， are qualities all united together in this apple， 'tis easy toperceive they are not the same， but are at least distinguishable fromeach other.　　Having by these divisions given an order and arrangement toour objects， we may now apply ourselves to consider with the moreaccuracy their qualities and relations. The first circumstance， thatstrikes my eye， is the great resemblance betwixt our impressionsand ideas in every other particular， except their degree of forceand vivacity. The one seem to be in a manner the reflexion of theother; so that all the perceptions of the mind are double.， and appearboth as impressions and ideas. When I shut my eyes and thinkof my chamber， the ideas I form are exact representations of theimpressions I felt; nor is there any circumstance of the one， which isnot to be found in the other. In running over my other perceptiofts，I find still the same resemblance and representation. Ideas andimpressions appear always to correspond to each other. Thiscircumstance seems to me remarkable， and engages my attention fora moment.　　……

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