人类学

作者简介

讲坛耕耘四十载，精髓浓缩十余回。读者手中的这本《人类学》经典双语教材由北美资深人类学家科塔克教授编撰完成。它不仅是作者近四十年学术累积的硕果，更是在不断的版本更新中获得化蛹为蝶的力量，堪称北美人类文化素来以语言为其重要载体，来的思维转换与意义提升是我们多年来不断追寻的目标，这里我们依然希望读者能够在这本融知识、信息及语言魅力于一体的典范教材中获得思想的进一步提升。请在跨语境的阅读中跟随我们共享人类的文化之旅！

书籍目录

第一部分人类学的领域

第l章 什么是人类学？

第2章 应用人类学

第二部分体质人类学与考古学

第3章 伦理规范与研究方法

第4章 进化与遗传学

第5章 人类的变化及适应

第6章 灵长类动物

第7章 灵长类动物的进化

第8章 早期人猿

第9章 人属

第10章 早期的农人

第11章 早期的城市与国家

第三部分文化多样性

第12章 文化人类学研究方法

第13章 文化

第14章 族性与种族

第15章 语言与交际

第16章 生活方式

第17章 政治系统

第18章 家庭、亲属制度与继嗣

第19章 婚姻

第20章 性别

第2l章 宗教

第22章 艺术

第四部分变化中的世界

第23章 现代世界体系

第24章 殖民主义与发展

第25章 文化变革与生存

附录l：人类学理论史

附录2：伦理规范与人类学

内容概要

康拉德·菲利普·科塔克教授（Conrad Phillip Kottak），1966年获哥伦比亚大学人类学博士学位，现为美国密歇根大学人类学系教授。自1968年开始在密歇根大学人类学系任教以来，科塔克教授在人类学教学及研究方面成果颇丰、1991年荣获密歇根大学荣誉教师称号，l992年荣获密歇根大学人文学院荣誉教师称号，1999年被美国人类学协会授予“人类学本科教学杰出贡献奖”。撰写的主要教科书包括：（《人类学》、《文化人类学》、《文化多样性》，目前已再版十余次，并被翻译成多国文字，如法语、西班牙语等。主要田野地域包括巴西（1962年始）、马达加斯加（1966年始）及北美部分地区（1976年始）。目前主要研究领域包括美国文化、工作及生活，日常行为，媒介及消费模式的日常影响。研究专题包括巴西生态意识的浮现、马达加斯加森林滥伐现象的社会背景、巴西东北部经济发展计划的公众参与等。

编者简介：

庄孔韶人类学博士，中国人民大学人类学研究所所长、教授和博士生导师；1990一1992年在美国华盛顿大学杰克逊国际研究学院从事博士后研究。著有《教育人类学》（1989）、《银翅--中国的地方社会与文化变迁（1920-1990）》（1996）、《时空穿行--中国乡村人类学世纪回访》（合著，2004）；主编《人类学通论》（2002）和《人类学概论》（2006）；人类学纪录片有《端午节》、《我妻我女》、《虎日》等。

冯跃人类学博士，2007年毕业于中国人民大学社会学系人类学研究所，现为中国青年政治学院青少系教师。主要研究领域包括：教育人类学、影视人类学及青年社会问题等。

章节摘录

　　Neandertals were first discovered in Western Europe. The first one was found in 1856 in a Ger- man valley called Neander Valley-tal is the Ger- man word "for a valley. Scientists had trouble interpreting the discovery. It was clearly human and similar to modern Europeans in many ways, yet different enough to be considered strange and abnormal. This was, after all, 35 years before Dubois discovered the first H. erectus fossils inJava and almost 70 years before the first australo-pithecine was found in South Africa. DarwinsOn the Origin of Species, published in 1859, hadnot yet appeared to offer a theory of evolutionthrough natural selection. There was no frame-work for understanding human evolution. Overtime, the fossil record filled in, along with evolu-tionary theory. There have been numerous subse-quent discoveries of Neandertals in Europe andthe Middle East and of archaic human fossilswith similar features in Africa and Asia. The sim-ilarities and differences between Neandertalsand other relatively recent hominins have becomeclearer. Fossils that are not Neandertals but that havesimilar features （such as large faces and browridges） have been found in Africa and Asia. TheKabwe skull from Zambia （130,000 B.P.）, shownin the photo below, is an archaic H. sapiens with aNeandertal-like brow ridge. Archaic Chinesefossils with Neandertal-like features have beenfound at Maba and Dali. Neandertals have beenfound in Central Europe and the Middle East. Forexample, Neandertal fossils found at the Shanidarcave in northern Iraq date to around 60,000 B.P., asdoes a Neandertal skeleton found at IsraelsKebara cave （Shreeve 1992）. At the Israeli site ofTabun on Mount Carmel, a Neandertal femaleskeleton was excavated in 1932. She was a contem-porary of the Shanidar Neandertals, and her browridges, face, and teeth show typical Neandertalrobustness.By 75,000 B.P., after an interglacial interlude, West-ern Europes hominins （Neandertals, by then）again faced extreme cold as the W/inn glacialbegan. To deal with this environment, they woreclothes, made more elaborate tools, and huntedreindeer, mammoths, and woolly rhinos. The Neandertals were stocky, with largetrunks relative to limb length:a phenotype thatminimizes surface area and thus conserves heat.Another adaptation to extreme cold was theNeandertal face, which has been likened to a H.erectus face that has been pulled forward by thenose. Illustrating Thomsons rule （see Chapter 5）,this extension increased the distance betweenoutside air and the arteries that carry blood to thebrain and was adaptive in a cold climate. Thebrain is sensitive to temperature changes andmust be kept warm. The massive nasal cavities ofNeandertal fossils suggest long, broad noses.This would expand the area for warming andmoistening air. Neandertal characteristics also include hugefront teeth, broad faces, and large brow ridges,and ruggedness of the skeleton and musculature.What activities were associated with theseanatomical traits? Neandertal teeth probably didmany jobs later done by tools （Brace 1995; Rak1986）. The front teeth show heavy wear, suggest-ing that they were used for varied purposes,including chewing animal hides to make softwinter clothing out of them. The massive Nean-dertal face showed the stresses of constantlyusing the front teeth for holding and pulling. Comparison of early and later Neandertalsshows a trend toward reduction of their robust fea-tures. Neandertal technology, a Middle Paleolithictradition called Mousterian, improved consider-ably during the Wtirm glacial. Tools assumedmany burdens formerly placed on the

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