反秦集團滅秦與分裂戰爭成敗之研究

作者简介

秦楚漢之際（西元前209年至西元前202年）的歷史主流是反秦集團，反秦集團推翻秦朝，反秦集團的分裂，造成楚漢戰爭，楚漢戰爭的勝負決定漢朝的建立。反秦的歷史背景是：戰國時代各國已有國家意識，秦對東方六國的兼併戰爭與統治，造成東方六國的復國意識與反秦。秦末陳勝集團首先反秦，陳勝集團失敗的原因，有陳勝的弱點，戰略失策及集團內部分裂。陳勝失敗後，項梁、項羽與劉邦的楚地反秦勢力最大。項梁立楚懷王之孫熊心為楚王，成為楚地反秦軍的名義領袖。項梁戰死後，熊心接管反秦軍，他與諸將擬定「北救趙與西入關」的戰略，派宋義、項羽等北上救趙國，劉邦率軍西入關滅秦。劉邦集團滅秦成功的原因有三：一、項羽在鉅鹿之戰殲滅秦軍主力；二、謀士蕭何、酈食其、張良的輔佐成功；三、劉邦的避實擊虛策略成功。

熊心集團在滅秦後的分裂，原因是項羽分封不當，劉邦與項羽為了爭奪領導權，展開了五年的楚漢戰爭。項羽集團失敗的原因，項羽性格上的弱點是，不易信人，使人才紛紛離開他；殘暴使他喪失民心。政略上的失策是：定都彭城與分封諸侯，使他深受其害。戰略上的失策是：封鎖劉邦與先齊後漢戰略失當，終因缺糧而敗。劉邦集團成功的原因，性格上的原因是，劉邦寬大得民心；知人善任，人才樂為所用。政略成功之原因：取得關中為策源地，建王困敵政策，為義帝發喪。戰略成功之因素：鞏固豫西防線，從西、北、南三面包圍戰略，垓下會戰，圍殲項羽，並用騎兵襲擊項羽後方，項羽集團最後陷於兵疲糧絕之窘境。另外，善於製造輿論並瞭解群眾心裡，也是劉邦成功的因素之一。

书籍目录

第一章

緒論····························································1

第二章

反秦的歷史背景·············································7

第一節

戰國時代的國家意識與秦對新征服地區的統治························································7

第二節

秦滅六國之後的統治政策·························12

第三節

東方六國的復國意識與行動·····················18

第三章

陳勝集團反秦的興起與失敗·······················25

第一節

陳勝集團反秦的初興期（西元前209年7月至8月）················································25

第二節

陳勝集團反秦的興盛期（西元前209年8月至西元前208年10月）························29

第三節

陳勝集團反秦的敗亡期（西元前208年10月至12月）···············································37

第四節

陳勝集團的分析········································41

一、組織結構···················································41

（一）籍貫··············································41

（二）出身··············································41

（三）權力圈··············································42

二、權力運作···················································42

（一）縱向的權力關係·······························42

（二）橫向的權力關係·······························42

三、成敗得失···················································43

（一）領導人··············································43

（二）部將攻防能力··································43

第四章

熊心集團的滅秦與分裂·······························47

第一節

熊心集團成立的背景·································47

一、項梁集團反秦的初興期（從西元前209年9月起事至西元前208年1月渡江）··································································47

二、項梁集團反秦的擴大期與熊心集團的成立（從西元前208年1月渡江至西元前208年6月項梁擁立熊心）····················50

（一）項梁集團渡江北上與擴大···············51

（二）劉邦集團反秦的初興期（從西元前209年9月沛縣起兵至西元前208年6月薛縣投靠項梁）····················52

（三）熊心集團的成立······························56

第二節

熊心集團滅秦的戰略決策·························58

一、項梁之死與熊心取代項梁·························58

二、熊心擬訂滅秦的戰略決策·························60

第三節

劉邦集團滅秦成功的原因·························63

一、項羽北救趙，殲滅秦軍主力·····················63

二、蕭何、酈食其、張良的出謀定策··············67

三、劉邦的策略運用成功································70

（一）避實擊虛策略··································70

（二）邊進軍邊發展策略···························71

（三）收攬民心的策略·······························71

第四節

熊心集團的分裂········································72

一、劉邦、項羽矛盾的開始──劉邦守關拒納項羽·······················································72

二、劉邦、項羽矛盾的激化──劉邦對項羽分封的不滿···············································74

第五節

熊心集團的分析········································76

一、組織結構···················································76

（一）籍貫··············································76

（二）出身··············································76

（三）權力圈··············································76

二、權力運作···················································78

（一）縱向的權力關係·······························78

（二）橫向的權力關係·······························78

三、成敗得失···················································78

（一）領導人··············································78

（二）部將攻防能力··································79

第五章

項羽集團在楚漢戰爭失敗的原因···············85

第一節

項羽失敗的性格因素·································85

一、項羽性格上的優點····································85

（一）英勇·················································85

（二）坦誠·················································87

二、項羽性格上的弱點····································89

（一）殘暴好殺··········································89

（二）缺乏政治智慧··································92

（三）不善於用人······································95

第二節

項羽失敗的地域觀念因素·························96

一、建都彭城的失策········································97

二、分封諸侯的失策········································99

第三節

項羽失敗的戰略與後勤補給因素············101

一、項羽戰略的失策······································101

（一）封鎖劉邦戰略的失策·····················101

（二）先齊後漢戰略的失策·····················102

二、項羽後勤補給的失策······························103

第四節

項羽集團的分析······································104

一、組織結構·················································104

（一）籍貫············································104

（二）出身············································104

（三）權力圈············································105

二、權力運作·················································105

（一）縱向的權力關係·····························105

（二）橫向的權力關係·····························106

三、成敗得失·················································107

（一）領導人············································107

（二）部將攻防能力································108

第六章

劉邦集團在楚漢戰爭成功的原因·············115

第一節

劉邦成功的性格因素·······························115

一、豪爽·····················································115

二、寬大·····················································116

三、知人善任·················································117

第二節

劉邦成功的政略因素·······························118

一、取得關中為策源地··································118

二、建王困敵政策··········································119

三、為義帝發喪·············································120

第三節

劉邦成功的戰略與後勤補給因素············121

一、鞏固豫西防線··········································121

二、三面包圍戰略··········································122

三、垓下會戰·················································123

四、後勤補給·················································124

第四節

劉邦善於製造輿論··································126

一、出身的輿論製造······································126

二、面相的輿論製造······································128

三、赤帝子斬白帝子的輿論製造···················130

四、天子氣的輿論製造··································132

第五節

劉邦集團的分析······································135

一、組織結構·················································135

（一）籍貫············································135

（二）出身············································136

（三）權力圈············································136

二、權力運作·················································137

（一）縱向的權力關係·····························137

（二）橫向的權力關係·····························138

三、成敗得失·················································138

（一）領導人············································138

（二）部將攻防能力································141

第七章

結論························································149

附錄一

反秦集團滅秦戰爭大事表·························143

附錄二

劉、項集團楚漢戰爭大事表·····················145

參考文獻····································································169

圖表目次

表3-1

陳勝集團成員表··········································44

表4-1

熊心集團成員表··········································81

表5-1

項羽集團成員表········································110

表6-1

前期劉邦集團主要成員籍貫表·················142

表6-2

後期要劉邦集團主要成員籍貫表·············144

表6-3

劉邦集團成員簡表····································145

圖3-1

陳勝集團權力圈圖······································46

圖3-2

陳勝集團地位圖··········································46

圖4-1

熊心集團權力圈圖······································83

圖4-2

熊心集團地位圖··········································83

圖5-1

項羽集團權力圈圖····································113

圖5-2

項羽集團地位圖········································113

圖6-1

劉邦集團權力圈圖····································148

圖6-2

劉邦集團地位圖········································148

附圖

附圖一

陳勝集團滅秦路線圖································183

附圖二

陳勝集團敗逃路線圖································184

附圖三

項梁集團反秦進軍路線圖·························185

附圖四

劉邦集團西入關路線圖····························186

附圖五

項羽與劉邦西入關路線比較圖·················187

附圖六

劉邦駐軍霸上，項羽駐軍鴻門位置圖·····188

附圖七

鴻門宴座位圖············································189

附圖八

彭城之役項羽集團從齊地回師擊敗劉邦集團路線圖················································190

附圖九

彭越、劉賈騎兵襲擊項羽集團後方圖·····191

附圖十

劉邦集團三面包圍項羽集團戰略圖·········192

附圖十一

項羽集團敗逃路線圖····························193

附圖十二

陳下之戰亦即所謂垓下之戰示意圖·····194

附圖十三

楚漢垓下決戰態勢圖····························195

附圖十四

鉅鹿之戰圖············································196

附圖十五

項羽分封十八王圖································197

附圖十六

楚漢戰爭圖············································198

内容概要

詹士模，臺灣省嘉義縣人，1953年生，臺灣大學歷史系畢業，臺灣大學歷史研究所碩士，中正大學歷史研究所博士，曾任成功大學歷史系兼任講師、助理教授，嘉義農專共同科講師、副教授，嘉義技術學院共同科副教授，現任嘉義大學史地系副教授。著作有：《清宣統朝的政治領導階層》、《漢初的黃老思想》、《反秦集團滅秦與分裂戰爭成敗之研究》及《秦楚漢之際軍事史研究》等書。

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