《论优美感和崇高感》章节试读

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出版社:商务印书馆
出版日期:2001-11
ISBN:9787100033190
作者:[德] 康德
页数:68页

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第32页

让一个女性观看一下画有整个地球或是世界上主要部分的一幅地图,这是最美好不过的事情。这样做的目的在于,仅只是借此来描述它们那些地方所居住的各种民族的不同性情、他们的趣味和道德感的不同,而尤其是这一点对于两性关系所产生的作用,以及一些根据天气或他们的自由或奴役状态的差异的简要说明。究竟她们懂不懂得这些大陆的具体划分、它们的产业、实力和统治权,这是无关紧要的事。同样地,她们关于宇宙结构,除了必要的而外,也不需要知道得更多。
按照康德所理解的妇女教育,女性绝非不需要懂得自己与男性之间那复杂而又狡黠的权力关系,然而却是透过女性的视角去认识的。这就好比一个社会学家并非不懂价值中立原则的伪善,但却是从一个社会学家的低度去理解这种伪善的。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第22页

在宗教上是虚伪的,在社交上是一个谄媚者,在政治党派上是随着形势而翻云覆雨的。他很愿意做一个伟大人物的奴隶,以便使自己能成为一个君临于小人物之上的暴君。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第39页

凡是在一个女性身上适合于她那女性的种种可爱性之特别体现为崇高性的道德表现的,在确切的意义上就叫做美;而在仪态和姿容中使人能认识到的道德标志、从而宣示了优美的品质的那些东西,则是可爱的,而且如果她在这方面程度很高的话,则是有魅力的。
前者在一种落落大方的风度和一种高贵的仪态之下,就使得优美的理智闪烁出谦逊的光芒,而且在她的容颜上就流露出她具有一种温柔的感情和一颗善良的心,于是她便掌握了一个男人心中的品性和高度的敬意。后者则在笑靥相迎之中表现出欢愉和机智、某种美妙的捉弄、开心的玩笑和狡黠的矜持。后者是迷人的,而前者则是感人的,后者所能拥有的爱情和她引起的别人的爱情都是变化无常的但却是美丽的;反之,前者的感情则是甜美的并结合着敬意,而且是永远不变的。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第1页

人们各种悦意的和烦恼的不同感受之有赖于引起这些感受的外界事物的性质,远不如其有赖于人们自身的感情如何。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第46页 - 论崇高和优美在两性相对关系上的区别

在婚姻生活中,配偶相结合就好像是形成了一个单一的道德人,那是被男人的理智和妻子的情趣所鼓舞和指导的。因为不仅是我们可以信赖男人根据经验会有着更多的洞见,而且女性在其感受中也会有着更大的自由和正确性;因而便产生了一种心灵状态,它越是崇高,也就越发要把最大的努力目标置于所爱的对象的称心满意之中;而在另一方面,则它越是优美,也就越发力图以盛情来报答这种努力。......事物的这种明智的秩序,其本身的历程乃是这样的:所有由这些感受而得到的美好和甜蜜,都只是在一开始才具有其全部的强烈力量,但是随后就由于共同生活和家务操劳而逐渐变得日益迟钝,这是它就退化成为互相信赖的爱情;而这里面的伟大艺术就在于仍然能保持这些东西的充分的残余,从而无所谓的态度和厌倦都不会勾销欢愉的全部价值,从而正是由于这个缘故,才唯有它是值得人们去做出这样的一种结合的。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第19页

我必须要帮助那个人,因为他在受苦难,而并非因为他是我的什么朋友或伙伴,或者是我以为他能有一天怀着感激之情来报答我。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第8页

优美和崇高两者是不同的,其区别在于优美使人欢愉,崇高使人敬畏。但是两者的关系却不是互相排斥的,而是互为补充、相反相成的。崇高如果没有优美来补充,就不可能持久;它会使人感到可敬而不可亲,会使人敬而远之而不是亲而进之。一切真正的美,必须是既崇高而又优美,二者兼而有之。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第59页 - 第四节:论民族性

中国人的繁文缛礼和过分讲究的问候中包含有多少愚昧的怪诞!甚至于他们的绘画也是荒诞不经的,所表现的都是些奇怪的和不自然的形象,类似那样的东西是全世界都找不到的。
不是我黑康德,这书里无知和局限的部分甚至有时候搞笑的部分还是很多的...
谈到女性的那部分肯定也会让一大堆人不爽,民族性这节随着时间推到现在很多说法连有趣都谈不上了,赤裸裸的对黑人的种族歧视,虽然有时代的局限,也显得欠考量
最核心的问题在于,最开始关于美的分析也不咋严谨,优美和崇高是个太粗糙的提法,康德的美学观至少放到今天看是挺糟糕的
完了减成三星吧
我倒是觉得康德对虚荣在社会中承担的实际作用,是一个很不错的发现...但怎么都觉得连美学里都充满了这么些道德意味,社会责任感未免太强,总想为人类的整体堕落找一个通向高尚的解决和出口

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第14页

他是一个彻头彻尾的理性哲学家,哲学就是研究理性或人的“心灵能力”的,尤其是,理性不但为世界立法,同时也应该为理性自身立法;所谓批判云云,实际上也就是理性的自我批判,是理性在为自己确定一个有效性的范围。而且真假、善恶、美丑,归根到底并不是互不相干的,它们在更高一级的理性层次上是一致的、统一的。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第3页 - 第一节 论崇高感与优美感的不同对象

注释①:“弥尔敦对地域国土的叙述”:
《Paradise Lost》,Part 1:
Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
Brought death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat,
Sing, Heavenly Muse, that, on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed
In the beginning how the heavens and earth
Rose out of Chaos: or, if Sion hill
Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flowed
Fast by the oracle of God, I thence
Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar
Above th' Aonian mount, while it pursues
Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.
And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer
Before all temples th' upright heart and pure,
Instruct me, for thou know'st; thou from the first
Wast present, and, with mighty wings outspread,
Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast Abyss,
And mad'st it pregnant: what in me is dark
Illumine, what is low raise and support;
That, to the height of this great argument,
I may assert Eternal Providence,
And justify the ways of God to men.
Say first—for Heaven hides nothing from thy view,
Nor the deep tract of Hell—say first what cause
Moved our grand parents, in that happy state,
Favoured of Heaven so highly, to fall off
From their Creator, and transgress his will
For one restraint, lords of the World besides.
defy th' Omnipotent to arms.
Nine times the space that measures day and night
To mortal men, he, with his horrid crew,
Lay vanquished, rolling in the fiery gulf,
Confounded, though immortal. But his doom
Reserved him to more wrath; for now the thought
Both of lost happiness and lasting pain
Torments him: round he throws his baleful eyes,
That witnessed huge affliction and dismay,
Mixed with obdurate pride and steadfast hate.
At once, as far as Angels ken, he views
The dismal situation waste and wild.
A dungeon horrible, on all sides round,
As one great furnace flamed; yet from those flames
No light; but rather darkness visible
Served only to discover sights of woe,
Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace
And rest can never dwell, hope never comes
That comes to all, but torture without end
Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed
With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed.
Such place Eternal Justice has prepared
For those rebellious; here their prison ordained
In utter darkness, and their portion set,
As far removed from God and light of Heaven
As from the centre thrice to th' utmost pole.
Oh how unlike the place from whence they fell!
There the companions of his fall, o'erwhelmed
With floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fire,
He soon discerns; and, weltering by his side,
One next himself in power, and next in crime,
Long after known in Palestine, and named
Beelzebub. To whom th' Arch-Enemy,
And thence in Heaven called Satan, with bold words
Breaking the horrid silence, thus began:—
"If thou beest he—but O how fallen! how changed
From him who, in the happy realms of light
Clothed with transcendent brightness, didst outshine
Myriads, though bright!—if he whom mutual league,
United thoughts and counsels, equal hope
And hazard in the glorious enterprise
Joined with me once, now misery hath joined
In equal ruin; into what pit thou seest
From what height fallen: so much the stronger proved
He with his thunder; and till then who knew
The force of those dire arms? Yet not for those,
Nor what the potent Victor in his rage
Can else inflict, do I repent, or change,
Though changed in outward lustre, that fixed mind,
And high disdain from sense of injured merit,
That with the Mightiest raised me to contend,
And to the fierce contentions brought along
Innumerable force of Spirits armed,
That durst dislike his reign, and, me preferring,
His utmost power with adverse power opposed
In dubious battle on the plains of Heaven,
And shook his throne. What though the field be lost?
All is not lost—the unconquerable will,
And study of revenge, immortal hate,
And courage never to submit or yield:
And what is else not to be overcome?
That glory never shall his wrath or might
Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee, and deify his power
Who, from the terror of this arm, so late
Doubted his empire—that were low indeed;
That were an ignominy and shame beneath
This downfall; since, by fate, the strength of Gods,
And this empyreal sybstance, cannot fail;
Since, through experience of this great event,
In arms not worse, in foresight much advanced,
We may with more successful hope resolve
To wage by force or guile eternal war,
Irreconcilable to our grand Foe,
Who now triumphs, and in th' excess of joy
Sole reigning holds the tyranny of Heaven."
So spake th' apostate Angel, though in pain,
Vaunting aloud, but racked with deep despair;
And him thus answered soon his bold compeer:—
"O Prince, O Chief of many throned Powers
That led th' embattled Seraphim to war
Under thy conduct, and, in dreadful deeds
Fearless, endangered Heaven's perpetual King,
And put to proof his high supremacy,
Whether upheld by strength, or chance, or fate,
Too well I see and rue the dire event
That, with sad overthrow and foul defeat,
Hath lost us Heaven, and all this mighty host
In horrible destruction laid thus low,
As far as Gods and heavenly Essences
Can perish: for the mind and spirit remains
Invincible, and vigour soon returns,
Though all our glory extinct, and happy state
Here swallowed up in endless misery.
But what if he our Conqueror (whom I now
Of force believe almighty, since no less
Than such could have o'erpowered such force as ours)
Have left us this our spirit and strength entire,
Strongly to suffer and support our pains,
That we may so suffice his vengeful ire,
Or do him mightier service as his thralls
By right of war, whate'er his business be,
Here in the heart of Hell to work in fire,
Or do his errands in the gloomy Deep?
What can it the avail though yet we feel
Strength undiminished, or eternal being
To undergo eternal punishment?"
Whereto with speedy words th' Arch-Fiend replied:—
"Fallen Cherub, to be weak is miserable,
Doing or suffering: but of this be sure—
To do aught good never will be our task,
But ever to do ill our sole delight,
As being the contrary to his high will
Whom we resist. If then his providence
Out of our evil seek to bring forth good,
Our labour must be to pervert that end,
And out of good still to find means of evil;
Which ofttimes may succeed so as perhaps
Shall grieve him, if I fail not, and disturb
His inmost counsels from their destined aim.
But see! the angry Victor hath recalled
His ministers of vengeance and pursuit
Back to the gates of Heaven: the sulphurous hail,
Shot after us in storm, o'erblown hath laid
The fiery surge that from the precipice
Of Heaven received us falling; and the thunder,
Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage,
Perhaps hath spent his shafts, and ceases now
To bellow through the vast and boundless Deep.
Let us not slip th' occasion, whether scorn
Or satiate fury yield it from our Foe.
Seest thou yon dreary plain, forlorn and wild,
The seat of desolation, void of light,
Save what the glimmering of these livid flames
Casts pale and dreadful? Thither let us tend
From off the tossing of these fiery waves;
There rest, if any rest can harbour there;
And, re-assembling our afflicted powers,
Consult how we may henceforth most offend
Our enemy, our own loss how repair,
How overcome this dire calamity,
What reinforcement we may gain from hope,
If not, what resolution from despair."
Thus Satan, talking to his nearest mate,
9
With head uplift above the wave, and eyes
That sparkling blazed; his other parts besides
Prone on the flood, extended long and large,
Lay floating many a rood, in bulk as huge
As whom the fables name of monstrous size,
Titanian or Earth-born, that warred on Jove,
Briareos or Typhon, whom the den
By ancient Tarsus held, or that sea-beast
Leviathan, which God of all his works
Created hugest that swim th' ocean-stream.
Him, haply slumbering on the Norway foam,
The pilot of some small night-foundered skiff,
Deeming some island, oft, as seamen tell,
With fixed anchor in his scaly rind,
Moors by his side under the lee, while night
Invests the sea, and wished morn delays.
So stretched out huge in length the Arch-fiend lay,
Chained on the burning lake; nor ever thence
Had risen, or heaved his head, but that the will
And high permission of all-ruling Heaven
Left him at large to his own dark designs,
That with reiterated crimes he might
Heap on himself damnation, while he sought
Evil to others, and enraged might see
How all his malice served but to bring forth
Infinite goodness, grace, and mercy, shewn
On Man by him seduced, but on himself
Treble confusion, wrath, and vengeance poured.
Forthwith upright he rears from off the pool
His mighty stature; on each hand the flames
Driven backward slope their pointing spires, and,rolled
In billows, leave i' th' midst a horrid vale.
10
Then with expanded wings he steers his flight
Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air,
That felt unusual weight; till on dry land
He lights—if it were land that ever burned
With solid, as the lake with liquid fire,
And such appeared in hue as when the force
Of subterranean wind transprots a hill
Torn from Pelorus, or the shattered side
Of thundering Etna, whose combustible
And fuelled entrails, thence conceiving fire,
Sublimed with mineral fury, aid the winds,
And leave a singed bottom all involved
With stench and smoke. Such resting found the sole
Of unblest feet. Him followed his next mate;
Both glorying to have scaped the Stygian flood
As gods, and by their own recovered strength,
Not by the sufferance of supernal Power.
"Is this the region, this the soil, the clime,"
Said then the lost Archangel, "this the seat
That we must change for Heaven?—this mournful gloom
For that celestial light? Be it so, since he
Who now is sovereign can dispose and bid
What shall be right: farthest from him is best
Whom reason hath equalled, force hath made supreme
Above his equals. Farewell, happy fields,
Where joy for ever dwells! Hail, horrors! hail,
Infernal world! and thou, profoundest Hell,
Receive thy new possessor—one who brings
A mind not to be changed by place or time.
The mind is its own place, and in itself
Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.
What matter where, if I be still the same,
11
And what I should be, all but less than he
Whom thunder hath made greater? Here at least
We shall be free; th' Almighty hath not built
Here for his envy, will not drive us hence:
Here we may reigh secure; and, in my choice,
To reign is worth ambition, though in Hell:
Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.
But wherefore let we then our faithful friends,
Th' associates and co-partners of our loss,
Lie thus astonished on th' oblivious pool,
And call them not to share with us their part
In this unhappy mansion, or once more
With rallied arms to try what may be yet
Regained in Heaven, or what more lost in Hell?"
So Satan spake; and him Beelzebub
Thus answered:—"Leader of those armies bright
Which, but th' Omnipotent, none could have foiled!
If once they hear that voice, their liveliest pledge
Of hope in fears and dangers—heard so oft
In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge
Of battle, when it raged, in all assaults
Their surest signal—they will soon resume
New courage and revive, though now they lie
Grovelling and prostrate on yon lake of fire,
As we erewhile, astounded and amazed;
No wonder, fallen such a pernicious height!"
He scare had ceased when the superior Fiend
Was moving toward the shore; his ponderous shield,
Ethereal temper, massy, large, and round,
Behind him cast. The broad circumference
Hung on his shoulders like the moon, whose orb
Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views
12
At evening, from the top of Fesole,
Or in Valdarno, to descry new lands,
Rivers, or mountains, in her spotty globe.
His spear—to equal which the tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast
Of some great ammiral, were but a wand—
He walked with, to support uneasy steps
Over the burning marl, not like those steps
On Heaven's azure; and the torrid clime
Smote on him sore besides, vaulted with fire.
Nathless he so endured, till on the beach
Of that inflamed sea he stood, and called
His legions—Angel Forms, who lay entranced
Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks
In Vallombrosa, where th' Etrurian shades
High over-arched embower; or scattered sedge
Afloat, when with fierce winds Orion armed
Hath vexed the Red-Sea coast, whose waves o'erthrew
Busiris and his Memphian chivalry,
While with perfidious hatred they pursued
The sojourners of Goshen, who beheld
From the safe shore their floating carcases
And broken chariot-wheels. So thick bestrown,
Abject and lost, lay these, covering the flood,
Under amazement of their hideous change.
He called so loud that all the hollow deep
Of Hell resounded:—"Princes, Potentates,
Warriors, the Flower of Heaven—once yours; now lost,
If such astonishment as this can seize
Eternal Spirits! Or have ye chosen this place
After the toil of battle to repose
Your wearied virtue, for the ease you find
13
To slumber here, as in the vales of Heaven?
Or in this abject posture have ye sworn
To adore the Conqueror, who now beholds
Cherub and Seraph rolling in the flood
With scattered arms and ensigns, till anon
His swift pursuers from Heaven-gates discern
Th' advantage, and, descending, tread us down
Thus drooping, or with linked thunderbolts
Transfix us to the bottom of this gulf?
Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen!"
They heard, and were abashed, and up they sprung
Upon the wing, as when men wont to watch
On duty, sleeping found by whom they dread,
Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake.
Nor did they not perceive the evil plight
In which they were, or the fierce pains not feel;
Yet to their General's voice they soon obeyed
Innumerable. As when the potent rod
Of Amram's son, in Egypt's evil day,
Waved round the coast, up-called a pitchy cloud
Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind,
That o'er the realm of impious Pharaoh hung
Like Night, and darkened all the land of Nile;
So numberless were those bad Angels seen
Hovering on wing under the cope of Hell,
'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires;
Till, as a signal given, th' uplifted spear
Of their great Sultan waving to direct
Their course, in even balance down they light
On the firm brimstone, and fill all the plain:
A multitude like which the populous North
Poured never from her frozen loins to pass
14
Rhene or the Danaw, when her barbarous sons
Came like a deluge on the South, and spread
Beneath Gibraltar to the Libyan sands.
Forthwith, form every squadron and each band,
The heads and leaders thither haste where stood
Their great Commander—godlike Shapes, and Forms
Excelling human; princely Dignities;
And Powers that erst in Heaven sat on thrones,
Though on their names in Heavenly records now
Be no memorial, blotted out and rased
By their rebellion from the Books of Life.
Nor had they yet among the sons of Eve
Got them new names, till, wandering o'er the earth,
Through God's high sufferance for the trial of man,
By falsities and lies the greatest part
Of mankind they corrupted to forsake
God their Creator, and th' invisible
Glory of him that made them to transform
Oft to the image of a brute, adorned
With gay religions full of pomp and gold,
And devils to adore for deities:
Then were they known to men by various names,
And various idols through the heathen world.
Say, Muse, their names then known, who first, who last,
Roused from the slumber on that fiery couch,
At their great Emperor's call, as next in worth
Came singly where he stood on the bare strand,
While the promiscuous crowd stood yet aloof?
The chief were those who, from the pit of Hell
Roaming to seek their prey on Earth, durst fix
Their seats, long after, next the seat of God,
Their altars by his altar, gods adored
15
Among the nations round, and durst abide
Jehovah thundering out of Sion, throned
Between the Cherubim; yea, often placed
Within his sanctuary itself their shrines,
Abominations; and with cursed things
His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned,
And with their darkness durst affront his light.
First, Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood
Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears;
Though, for the noise of drums and timbrels loud,
Their children's cries unheard that passed through fire
To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite
Worshiped in Rabba and her watery plain,
In Argob and in Basan, to the stream
Of utmost Arnon. Nor content with such
Audacious neighbourhood, the wisest heart
Of Solomon he led by fraoud to build
His temple right against the temple of God
On that opprobrious hill, and made his grove
The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence
And black Gehenna called, the type of Hell.
Next Chemos, th' obscene dread of Moab's sons,
From Aroar to Nebo and the wild
Of southmost Abarim; in Hesebon
And Horonaim, Seon's real, beyond
The flowery dale of Sibma clad with vines,
And Eleale to th' Asphaltic Pool:
Peor his other name, when he enticed
Israel in Sittim, on their march from Nile,
To do him wanton rites, which cost them woe.
Yet thence his lustful orgies he enlarged
Even to that hill of scandal, by the grove
16
Of Moloch homicide, lust hard by hate,
Till good Josiah drove them thence to Hell.
With these came they who, from the bordering flood
Of old Euphrates to the brook that parts
Egypt from Syrian ground, had general names
Of Baalim and Ashtaroth—those male,
These feminine. For Spirits, when they please,
Can either sex assume, or both; so soft
And uncompounded is their essence pure,
Not tried or manacled with joint or limb,
Nor founded on the brittle strength of bones,
Like cumbrous flesh; but, in what shape they choose,
Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure,
Can execute their airy purposes,
And works of love or enmity fulfil.
For those the race of Israel oft forsook
Their Living Strength, and unfrequented left
His righteous altar, bowing lowly down
To bestial gods; for which their heads as low
Bowed down in battle, sunk before the spear
Of despicable foes. With these in troop
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called
Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns;
To whose bright image nigntly by the moon
Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs;
In Sion also not unsung, where stood
Her temple on th' offensive mountain, built
By that uxorious king whose heart, though large,
Beguiled by fair idolatresses, fell
To idols foul. Thammuz came next behind,
Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured
The Syrian damsels to lament his fate
17
In amorous ditties all a summer's day,
While smooth Adonis from his native rock
Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood
Of Thammuz yearly wounded: the love-tale
Infected Sion's daughters with like heat,
Whose wanton passions in the sacred proch
Ezekiel saw, when, by the vision led,
His eye surveyed the dark idolatries
Of alienated Judah. Next came one
Who mourned in earnest, when the captive ark
Maimed his brute image, head and hands lopt off,
In his own temple, on the grunsel-edge,
Where he fell flat and shamed his worshippers:
Dagon his name, sea-monster,upward man
And downward fish; yet had his temple high
Reared in Azotus, dreaded through the coast
Of Palestine, in Gath and Ascalon,
And Accaron and Gaza's frontier bounds.
Him followed Rimmon, whose delightful seat
Was fair Damascus, on the fertile banks
Of Abbana and Pharphar, lucid streams.
He also against the house of God was bold:
A leper once he lost, and gained a king—
Ahaz, his sottish conqueror, whom he drew
God's altar to disparage and displace
For one of Syrian mode, whereon to burn
His odious offerings, and adore the gods
Whom he had vanquished. After these appeared
A crew who, under names of old renown—
Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train—
With monstrous shapes and sorceries abused
Fanatic Egypt and her priests to seek
18
Their wandering gods disguised in brutish forms
Rather than human. Nor did Israel scape
Th' infection, when their borrowed gold composed
The calf in Oreb; and the rebel king
Doubled that sin in Bethel and in Dan,
Likening his Maker to the grazed ox—
Jehovah, who, in one night, when he passed
From Egypt marching, equalled with one stroke
Both her first-born and all her bleating gods.
Belial came last; than whom a Spirit more lewd
Fell not from Heaven, or more gross to love
Vice for itself. To him no temple stood
Or altar smoked; yet who more oft than he
In temples and at altars, when the priest
Turns atheist, as did Eli's sons, who filled
With lust and violence the house of God?
In courts and palaces he also reigns,
And in luxurious cities, where the noise
Of riot ascends above their loftiest towers,
And injury and outrage; and, when night
Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons
Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine.
Witness the streets of Sodom, and that night
In Gibeah, when the hospitable door
Exposed a matron, to avoid worse rape.
These were the prime in order and in might:
The rest were long to tell; though far renowned
Th' Ionian gods—of Javan's issue held
Gods, yet confessed later than Heaven and Earth,
Their boasted parents;—Titan, Heaven's first-born,
With his enormous brood, and birthright seized
By younger Saturn: he from mightier Jove,
19
His own and Rhea's son, like measure found;
So Jove usurping reigned. These, first in Crete
And Ida known, thence on the snowy top
Of cold Olympus ruled the middle air,
Their highest heaven; or on the Delphian cliff,
Or in Dodona, and through all the bounds
Of Doric land; or who with Saturn old
Fled over Adria to th' Hesperian fields,
And o'er the Celtic roamed the utmost Isles.
All these and more came flocking; but with looks
Downcast and damp; yet such wherein appeared
Obscure some glimpse of joy to have found their Chief
Not in despair, to have found themselves not lost
In loss itself; which on his countenance cast
Like doubtful hue. But he, his wonted pride
Soon recollecting, with high words, that bore
Semblance of worth, not substance, gently raised
Their fainting courage, and dispelled their fears.
Then straight commands that, at the warlike sound
Of trumpets loud and clarions, be upreared
His mighty standard. That proud honour claimed
Azazel as his right, a Cherub tall:
Who forthwith from the glittering staff unfurled
Th' imperial ensign; which, full high advanced,
Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind,
With gems and golden lustre rich emblazed,
Seraphic arms and trophies; all the while
Sonorous metal blowing martial sounds:
At which the universal host up-sent
A shout that tore Hell's concave, and beyond
Frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night.
All in a moment through the gloom were seen
20
Ten thousand banners rise into the air,
With orient colours waving: with them rose
A forest huge of spears; and thronging helms
Appeared, and serried shields in thick array
Of depth immeasurable. Anon they move
In perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood
Of flutes and soft recorders—such as raised
To height of noblest temper heroes old
Arming to battle, and instead of rage
Deliberate valour breathed, firm, and unmoved
With dread of death to flight or foul retreat;
Nor wanting power to mitigate and swage
With solemn touches troubled thoughts, and chase
Anguish and doubt and fear and sorrow and pain
From mortal or immortal minds. Thus they,
Breathing united force with fixed thought,
Moved on in silence to soft pipes that charmed
Their painful steps o'er the burnt soil. And now
Advanced in view they stand—a horrid front
Of dreadful length and dazzling arms, in guise
Of warriors old, with ordered spear and shield,
Awaiting what command their mighty Chief
Had to impose. He through the armed files
Darts his experienced eye, and soon traverse
The whole battalion views—their order due,
Their visages and stature as of gods;
Their number last he sums. And now his heart
Distends with pride, and, hardening in his strength,
Glories: for never, since created Man,
Met such embodied force as, named with these,
Could merit more than that small infantry
Warred on by cranes—though all the giant brood
21
Of Phlegra with th' heroic race were joined
That fought at Thebes and Ilium, on each side
Mixed with auxiliar gods; and what resounds
In fable or romance of Uther's son,
Begirt with British and Armoric knights;
And all who since, baptized or infidel,
Jousted in Aspramont, or Montalban,
Damasco, or Marocco, or Trebisond,
Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore
When Charlemain with all his peerage fell
By Fontarabbia. Thus far these beyond
Compare of mortal prowess, yet observed
Their dread Commander. He, above the rest
In shape and gesture proudly eminent,
Stood like a tower. His form had yet not lost
All her original brightness, nor appeared
Less than Archangel ruined, and th' excess
Of glory obscured: as when the sun new-risen
Looks through the horizontal misty air
Shorn of his beams, or, from behind the moon,
In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds
On half the nations, and with fear of change
Perplexes monarchs. Darkened so, yet shone
Above them all th' Archangel: but his face
Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care
Sat on his faded cheek, but under brows
Of dauntless courage, and considerate pride
Waiting revenge. Cruel his eye, but cast
Signs of remorse and passion, to behold
The fellows of his crime, the followers rather
(Far other once beheld in bliss), condemned
For ever now to have their lot in pain—
22
Millions of Spirits for his fault amerced
Of Heaven, and from eternal splendours flung
For his revolt—yet faithful how they stood,
Their glory withered; as, when heaven's fire
Hath scathed the forest oaks or mountain pines,
With singed top their stately growth, though bare,
Stands on the blasted heath. He now prepared
To speak; whereat their doubled ranks they bend
From wing to wing, and half enclose him round
With all his peers: attention held them mute.
Thrice he assayed, and thrice, in spite of scorn,
Tears, such as Angels weep, burst forth: at last
Words interwove with sighs found out their way:—
"O myriads of immortal Spirits! O Powers
Matchless, but with th' Almighth!—and that strife
Was not inglorious, though th' event was dire,
As this place testifies, and this dire change,
Hateful to utter. But what power of mind,
Forseeing or presaging, from the depth
Of knowledge past or present, could have feared
How such united force of gods, how such
As stood like these, could ever know repulse?
For who can yet believe, though after loss,
That all these puissant legions, whose exile
Hath emptied Heaven, shall fail to re-ascend,
Self-raised, and repossess their native seat?
For me, be witness all the host of Heaven,
If counsels different, or danger shunned
By me, have lost our hopes. But he who reigns
Monarch in Heaven till then as one secure
Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute,
Consent or custom, and his regal state
23
Put forth at full, but still his strength concealed—
Which tempted our attempt, and wrought our fall.
Henceforth his might we know, and know our own,
So as not either to provoke, or dread
New war provoked: our better part remains
To work in close design, by fraud or guile,
What force effected not; that he no less
At length from us may find, who overcomes
By force hath overcome but half his foe.
Space may produce new Worlds; whereof so rife
There went a fame in Heaven that he ere long
Intended to create, and therein plant
A generation whom his choice regard
Should favour equal to the Sons of Heaven.
Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps
Our first eruption—thither, or elsewhere;
For this infernal pit shall never hold
Celestial Spirits in bondage, nor th' Abyss
Long under darkness cover. But these thoughts
Full counsel must mature. Peace is despaired;
For who can think submission? War, then, war
Open or understood, must be resolved."
He spake; and, to confirm his words, outflew
Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs
Of mighty Cherubim; the sudden blaze
Far round illumined Hell. Highly they raged
Against the Highest, and fierce with grasped arms
Clashed on their sounding shields the din of war,
Hurling defiance toward the vault of Heaven.
There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top
Belched fire and rolling smoke; the rest entire
Shone with a glossy scurf—undoubted sign
24
That in his womb was hid metallic ore,
The work of sulphur. Thither, winged with speed,
A numerous brigade hastened: as when bands
Of pioneers, with spade and pickaxe armed,
Forerun the royal camp, to trench a field,
Or cast a rampart. Mammon led them on—
Mammon, the least erected Spirit that fell
From Heaven; for even in Heaven his looks and thoughts
Were always downward bent, admiring more
The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden gold,
Than aught divine or holy else enjoyed
In vision beatific. By him first
Men also, and by his suggestion taught,
Ransacked the centre, and with impious hands
Rifled the bowels of their mother Earth
For treasures better hid. Soon had his crew
Opened into the hill a spacious wound,
And digged out ribs of gold. Let none admire
That riches grow in Hell; that soil may best
Deserve the precious bane. And here let those
Who boast in mortal things, and wondering tell
Of Babel, and the works of Memphian kings,
Learn how their greatest monuments of fame
And strength, and art, are easily outdone
By Spirits reprobate, and in an hour
What in an age they, with incessant toil
And hands innumerable, scarce perform.
Nigh on the plain, in many cells prepared,
That underneath had veins of liquid fire
Sluiced from the lake, a second multitude
With wondrous art founded the massy ore,
Severing each kind, and scummed the bullion-dross.
25
A third as soon had formed within the ground
A various mould, and from the boiling cells
By strange conveyance filled each hollow nook;
As in an organ, from one blast of wind,
To many a row of pipes the sound-board breathes.
Anon out of the earth a fabric huge
Rose like an exhalation, with the sound
Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet—
Built like a temple, where pilasters round
Were set, and Doric pillars overlaid
With golden architrave; nor did there want
Cornice or frieze, with bossy sculptures graven;
The roof was fretted gold. Not Babylon
Nor great Alcairo such magnificence
Equalled in all their glories, to enshrine
Belus or Serapis their gods, or seat
Their kings, when Egypt with Assyria strove
In wealth and luxury. Th' ascending pile
Stood fixed her stately height, and straight the doors,
Opening their brazen folds, discover, wide
Within, her ample spaces o'er the smooth
And level pavement: from the arched roof,
Pendent by subtle magic, many a row
Of starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed
With naptha and asphaltus, yielded light
As from a sky. The hasty multitude
Admiring entered; and the work some praise,
And some the architect. His hand was known
In Heaven by many a towered structure high,
Where sceptred Angels held their residence,
And sat as Princes, whom the supreme King
Exalted to such power, and gave to rule,
26
Each in his Hierarchy, the Orders bright.
Nor was his name unheard or unadored
In ancient Greece; and in Ausonian land
Men called him Mulciber; and how he fell
From Heaven they fabled, thrown by angry Jove
Sheer o'er the crystal battlements: from morn
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
A summer's day, and with the setting sun
Dropt from the zenith, like a falling star,
On Lemnos, th' Aegaean isle. Thus they relate,
Erring; for he with this rebellious rout
Fell long before; nor aught aviled him now
To have built in Heaven high towers; nor did he scape
By all his engines, but was headlong sent,
With his industrious crew, to build in Hell.
Meanwhile the winged Heralds, by command
Of sovereign power, with awful ceremony
And trumpet's sound, throughout the host proclaim
A solemn council forthwith to be held
At Pandemonium, the high capital
Of Satan and his peers. Their summons called
From every band and squared regiment
By place or choice the worthiest: they anon
With hundreds and with thousands trooping came
Attended. All access was thronged; the gates
And porches wide, but chief the spacious hall
(Though like a covered field, where champions bold
Wont ride in armed, and at the Soldan's chair
Defied the best of Paynim chivalry
To mortal combat, or career with lance),
Thick swarmed, both on the ground and in the air,
Brushed with the hiss of rustling wings. As bees
27
In spring-time, when the Sun with Taurus rides.
Pour forth their populous youth about the hive
In clusters; they among fresh dews and flowers
Fly to and fro, or on the smoothed plank,
The suburb of their straw-built citadel,
New rubbed with balm, expatiate, and confer
Their state-affairs: so thick the airy crowd
Swarmed and were straitened; till, the signal given,
Behold a wonder! They but now who seemed
In bigness to surpass Earth's giant sons,
Now less than smallest dwarfs, in narrow room
Throng numberless—like that pygmean race
Beyond the Indian mount; or faery elves,
Whose midnight revels, by a forest-side
Or fountain, some belated peasant sees,
Or dreams he sees, while overhead the Moon
Sits arbitress, and nearer to the Earth
Wheels her pale course: they, on their mirth and dance
Intent, with jocund music charm his ear;
At once with joy and fear his heart rebounds.
Thus incorporeal Spirits to smallest forms
Reduced their shapes immense, and were at large,
Though without number still, amidst the hall
Of that infernal court. But far within,
And in their own dimensions like themselves,
The great Seraphic Lords and Cherubim
In close recess and secret conclave sat,
A thousand demi-gods on golden seats,
Frequent and full. After short silence then,
And summons read, the great consult began.
注释③:“荷马对维纳斯的腰束的描绘”:
《荷马史诗》,第一部:《伊利亚特》,第十四卷:
……
牛眼的赫拉开始细心考虑,
怎样才能搅乱带埃吉斯的宙斯的心智。
思来想去,终于找到了一个绝妙的办法,
决心细心地梳妆打扮一番,前往伊达山,
诱使他充满欲望地同自己寻欢作乐,
然后再用香甜深沉的睡眠,
合拢他的双目,关闭他的心智。
于是,她走向爱子赫菲斯托斯
为她建造的睡房,
在门扇和门框之间,
有一道秘密的门锁,其他天神无法开启。
她进入睡房,关上了闪亮的门扇。
首先,她使用安布罗西亚把娇嫩的躯体
洗净,再涂上一层柔软芬香的安布罗西亚神膏。
这种神膏香气四溢,在宙斯的宫殿里,
将此瓶轻轻一摇,
香气就会扩散,充溢天上人间。
把油膏抹在身上之后,又梳理美丽的长发,
梳顺之后,用灵巧的双手编成精致的发辨,
绺绺秀发,从神圣的头上垂落下来。
然后,她穿上雅典娜为她精心制作的美丽长袍,
上面绣着无数朵美艳的鲜花,
在胸前,把金质扣子完美地结在一起。
又拿出一条垂有一百条流苏的腰带,系在腰间,
耳垂上,挂上三串暗红色的耳环,光彩四射。
随后,天后赫拉披上了一块
精美的、崭新的白色头巾,如同白昼的阳光。
最后,她穿上了舒适美观的条状绳鞋,
脚面光洁闪亮。一切打扮停当后,
她步出睡房,唤来了阿佛罗狄忒,
让她远离众神,来到跟前,说道:
“亲爱的孩子,你能答应帮助我吗?
还是严辞拒绝,因为我站在阿开奥斯人这边,
而你却护佑着特洛亚人。”
宙斯之女马上答道:
“克罗诺斯之女赫拉,尊贵的天后,
尽管吩咐吧,我将尽力为您服务,
只要是我办得到的,就一定能办成。”
听罢,天后赫拉道出这样一番谎话:
“给我性爱和媚惑吧!
正是依靠这些,你征服了神界和人间。
我马上要去肥沃大地的边缘,
去探望众神的祖先奥克阿诺斯和特梯斯。
在我年幼之时,他们把我从瑞娅手中
接到自己的家里,悉心照料我,
那时,宙斯正把克罗诺斯打入大地
和大海的最深层。我去拜访他们,
为的是消除他们之间的争吵,
多年以来,他们彼此仇恨,
很久没有男欢女爱,同床共眠了。
我要劝说他们,让他们共同回到睡床,
那我就能得到他们永久的尊敬和喜爱”。
听罢,爱笑的阿佛罗狄忒答道:
“我不会也不能拒绝您的要求,
你是宙斯的合法妻子,而他是众神之父。”
说罢,她从胸前解下那条
蕴藏着无数魔力的精美的腰带,
里面包含着各种媚惑、性欲、爱情
和窃窃私语,这种温柔的低语可以
使人完全迷乱心智。她把腰带交给赫拉,说道:
“这条腰带就暂交给你,里面藏有我的全部魔力,
把它带在你的胸前,我坚信,
不管你希望什么,都不会双手空空地回来。”
牛眼的赫拉听得眉开眼笑,
高兴地把腰带藏入自己的胸前。
然后,宙斯之女阿佛罗狄忒返回自己的居所,
而天后赫拉则闪电般飞速地离开奥林卑斯山,
越过皮埃里亚山和美丽的埃马提亚,
然后是驯马的色雷斯人的山峰,白雪皑皑,
她飞过连绵的山峰,双足不曾落地,
直接从阿托斯山,跨过波涛起伏的大海,
到达了利姆诺斯岛,是神一样的托阿斯的领地。
在那里,她见到了死神的兄弟睡神,
拉着他的手,她叫着他的名字,说道:
“睡神,全体天神和凡人的主宰,
你以前听从我的话,请你现在也听从我的话,答应我的请求,
我将永远铭记你的帮助。
等我被宙斯紧紧地搂在怀中之时,
你就立刻施展才能,让他合上明亮的双眼。
作为报酬,我将送给你一个纯金制成的宝座,
那是我的爱子,心灵手巧的赫菲斯托斯
施展才艺为我精心制作,还配有一个足凳,
在你举杯痛饮之时,可以把双脚放在上面。”
听罢,安静的睡神如此答道:
“克罗诺斯之女,天后赫拉,伟大的女神,
如果是其他的天神,
只要我略使神力就可让他陷入沉沉的睡眠,
哪怕是养育众神的俄开阿诺斯长河也不例外。
可是,唯独宙斯,没有他的吩咐,我甚至不敢走近他。
以前,应您的请求,我曾干过一件事情,
那时,刚强勇猛的宙斯之子赫拉克勒斯
在摧毁了特洛亚人的伊利昂之后,乘船离开,
为了帮您,我施展魔力让威力无比的宙斯进入昏睡,
抓住这个机会,您进行着精心的谋划,
在海面上激起狂飙巨浪,把宙斯之子
刮到了富有繁荣、人口密集的科斯岛,离开了她的同伴。
睡醒之后,宙斯勃然大怒,在宫殿里,
四处抓拿天神,任意抛掷,对我尤其
不能饶恕。如果不是逃入能制服天神和凡人的
夜神的怀抱,我可能早被他从空中掷入大海,
连尸首都找不着。见到我置于夜神的保护之下,
宙斯不得不强制息怒,饶恕了我,
因为夜神行动太过迅速,连宙斯也不敢得罪。
而你,又要我去做这样不可能再做的事情。”
牛眼的赫拉继续劝道:
“睡神,为何想起不愉快的往事?
你以为掷雷的宙斯帮助特洛亚人
象当年帮助赫拉克勒斯那么严肃认真吗?
他那样震怒,是因为受害的是他的亲生儿子!
按我说的做吧,事成之后,我就把一位年轻的
卡里斯许配给你,让她成为你的妻子。
帕西特娅如何?她不是你魂牵梦萦的心上人吗?”
听罢,睡神十分高兴,回答道:
“那么,你就以圣水斯提克斯的名义发誓,
一手按住肥沃丰产的大地,一手抚着波光鳞鳞的大海
并让所有和克罗诺斯生活在一起的神灵一起作证,
如果我履行了您的请求,
您就会把一个年轻的卡里斯许配给我,
就是我一直爱恋的心上人帕西特娅。”
听罢,赫拉没有任何犹豫,
立即按照他的请求发誓。
叫着人称提坦的陷在塔尔塔里斯的天神们的名字,
庄严起誓。一切完毕之后,
她和睡神马上离开利姆诺斯岛和英布罗斯城,
把自己隐在浓雾中,飞速地前行,
在勒克同,他们上了岸,开始在陆地上行进。
高高地树梢在他们的脚下战栗不已。
终于来到了野兽的故乡,多泉的伊达山。
为了不让宙期发现,睡神爬上一棵高耸的松树,
那是伊达山上最高的松树,
高高的枝干直冲云霄。
他爬了上去,隐身在浓密的枝叶中,
变作一只卿卿喳喳的小鸟,
天神叫它“铜铃鸟”,凡人叫它库弥啼。
此时,赫拉疾步迈向伊达山的最高峰,
高耸入云的伽尔伽朗,宙斯立即发现了她的身影。
只看了一眼,宙斯立刻就被强烈的情欲控制住,
就象他们第一次,背着父母,
偷偷上床寻欢作乐那样。
见她走近,宙斯站了起来,对她说道:
“赫拉,你离开了奥林卑斯山要去哪儿?
为何不见你的骏马和车辇?”
天后赫拉故意骗他,这样说道:
“我马上要去肥沃大地的边缘,
去探望众神的祖先奥克阿诺斯和特梯斯。
在我年幼之时,他们曾在家中悉心地照料我。
我去拜访他们,为的是消除他们之间的争吵,
多年以来,他们彼此仇恨,
很久没有男欢女爱、同床共眠了。
我的骏马和车辇就停在伊达山脚下,
它们将越过陆地和大海把我送到那里。
我从奥林卑斯山上下来就是为了告诉你
我要去深邃的奥克阿诺斯的家中访问,
否则,以后你会怪我不及时告诉你。”
乌云神宙斯立即答道:
“赫拉,别那么匆忙,你改天再去吧,
现在让我们躺下,尽情地寻欢作乐吧。
任何一个女神或凡女,从未象现在这样,
如此强烈地激起我的爱欲。
我十分喜爱伊克西昂之妻,与她同床,
生下了如天神一样足智多谋的佩里托奥斯;
还有阿克西里奥斯之女,秀足的达那埃,
她为我生下了佩尔修斯,是凡人中最杰出的人物;
还有欧罗巴,远近闻名的福尼克斯王的女儿,
为我生下了弥诺斯和天神般的拉达曼提斯,
还有美丽的塞墨勒和特拜美女阿尔克墨涅,
后者为我生下了刚强勇猛的赫拉克勒斯,
前者为我生下了为凡人带去欢乐的狄奥倪索斯;
以及发辫秀美的女神得墨特尔和光芒四射
的勒托,还有你,赫拉,我同这所有的女子
寻欢作乐,都不及今天,我对你的情欲冲动。”
心怀诡计的赫拉这样答道:
“可怕的克罗诺斯之子,看你都说了些什么!
这里光秃秃地毫无遮拦,你却要我俩不顾一切地拥抱亲吻,
如果被哪位天神当场撞见,
他一定会把这消息传遍整个天界,
我还有何脸面见人?我怎好从这样一张床上
爬起来,再走进你的辉煌的宫殿?
你若现在情欲难耐,真想寻欢作乐,
不如我们前往赫菲斯托斯
为你精心修造的睡房,
那间房子的门根和门扇紧密相连,
在里面,我们可以尽情享受情欲带来的欢乐。”
乌云神宙斯这样答道:
“赫拉,别这样心惊胆颤,
只要我在周围撒下浓浓的金雾,
就没有哪一个天神或凡人能够看透,
即使是赫利奥斯也不成,尽管目光如炬,无人可比。”
说罢,宙斯伸出双臂,紧紧抱住妻子。
这时,神圣的土地迅速地长出绿茵茵的青草,
鲜嫩的百合、藏红花和厚实松软的风信子,
托起天神的躯体,离开地面。
他们拥抱着躺下,四周罩着浓浓的金雾,
晶莹、美妙的露珠时而垂到地面。
被睡眠和爱情驱使下的天父,抱着动人的妻子,
安闲地沉睡在伽尔伽朗峰顶。
这时,安静的睡神来到阿开奥斯人的海船边,
告诉波塞冬刚才发生的一切。
他用长着翅膀的语言这样说道:
“波塞冬,现在你可以毫无顾忌地
帮助阿开奥斯人了,让他们获得光荣。
此时我已让宙斯沉入梦乡,赫拉已将他
拥入温暖的怀抱。当然,时间短暂。”
……

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-论崇高感和优美感的不同对象 - 论崇高感和优美感的不同对象

质朴的,遥远的,不可企及的是崇高的。
华丽的,欢快的,触手可及的是优美的。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-优美与崇高 - 优美与崇高

崇高的感情和优美的感情,都是令人愉悦的,但两者却是非常不同。
一座高耸入云的高山,一场铺天盖地而来的狂风暴雨,都激发人们的欢愉,但又让人畏惧,这是崇高的感情;
一片鲜花怒放的原野,一座溪水蜿蜒、布满着牧群的山谷,也给人一种愉悦的感受,这是优美的感情。
崇高使人感动,优美则使人迷恋。一个感受到崇高感的人,他那神态是诚恳的,有时候还是刚强的。反之,对于优美的感受,则通过眼中的快乐甚至高声欢笑表现出来。
女性心灵的某些特殊风格,与我们男性有着显著的不同,主要就是她们是以美为标志。
年龄——美的这位大毁灭者——在威胁着所有的魅力,而且当它按照自然的秩序前进时,它就必定要逐渐地以高贵的品性来取代优美的地位,从而使得一个女人——当她的可爱减少时,永远都值得更大的尊敬。
当对所有的女性都是如此之可怕的那个衰老时辰到来的时候,读书和开拓视野可以使她仍然是美丽的。
一个上了年纪的女性以一种优美的气质去参加社交,谈起话来的态度是愉快而有道理的。她就总要比同样年纪的一个男人更加美好,或许还比一个少女更加可爱。
女性对于优美具有一种优异的感情,反之,男人对于崇高具有一种特别的感情。由此可以推论,大自然的目的就是要趋向于通过不同性别的品质而使得男人更加崇高化,并通过同样的办法而使得女性更加优美化。
虚荣和风尚很可能使得许多男人们成了奶油小生,使女性们成了女书呆子或是女武士,然而大自然却总是力图把他们引回到它自身的秩序上面来。
男人作为男人应该成为一个更完美的丈夫,而女人则应该成为一个更完美的妻子;也就是说,使得男性的品质更加崇高化,并使得女性的品质更加优美化。当一切都达到极致时,男人对自己的优异性就可以大胆地说:即使你不爱我,我也要迫使你不能不尊重我;而女性对自己魅力也非常有把握,就会回答说:即使是你们内心里并不高度评价我,我也要迫使你们不得不爱我。
在婚姻生活中,男人越是崇高,也就越发要努力使所爱的对象称心满意;而在另一方面,女人越是优美,也就越发力图以盛情来报答男人的这种努力。
因此,要在这样一种关系之中争论某一方的优先性,就是愚蠢的事了。如果为了争论发号施令的权利归属于谁的问题,那么事情就已经是彻底败坏了。女性以这种粗暴的调子妄自尊大,乃是极其可憎的;而男人则是极其下流而可鄙的。
同时,所有由这些感受而得到的美好和甜蜜,都只是在一开始才具有其强烈的力量,但是随后就由于共同生活和家务操劳而逐渐变得日益迟钝,这时它就退化成为互相信赖的亲情。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第35页

对于一个男人来说,没有什么辱骂能比他被称为笨伯更加触及痛处,而对于一个女性则莫过于被人称为无聊透顶了。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第10页

在人性中,从来就不会发现有任何一种值得称道的品质,是同时并不具有其本身的变种的,它们将会通过无穷无尽的翳影直到最极端的不完美状态。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-论优美感与崇高感读书笔记 - 论优美感与崇高感读书笔记

【德】 康德 商务印书馆 2001-11版
译序
(一)
《论》是康德1763年撰写的一篇长文,题名为《对优美感与崇高感的考察》。【1】
《论》是从大量的科学知识和对人生的灵心善感之中所概括、所总结和所提炼出来的一个理论体系。【3】
(二)
优美使人欢愉,崇高使人敬畏。【8】
(三)
最高的美乃是与善相结合、相统一的美,而最高的善亦然。【11】
优美表现为可爱迷人,崇高则表现为伟大的气概。【12】
(四)
康德思想所受到的巨大影响,在科学上是牛顿,在人文上则是卢梭。【16】
(五)
(六)

第一节 论崇高感与优美感的不同对象
崇高,第一种称为令人畏惧的崇高;另一种称为高贵的崇高;第三种称为华丽的崇高。【3】
崇高必定是伟大的,而优美却也可以是渺小的。崇高必定是纯朴的,而优美则可以是随意打扮和装饰的。【4】
悠久的年代是崇高的。【5】
第二节 论人类的崇高与优美的一般性质
悟性是崇高的,机智是优美的。勇敢是崇高而伟大的,巧妙是渺小的但却是优美的。【6】
崇高的性质激发人们的尊敬,而优美的性质则激发人们的爱慕。【6】
崇高的情操要比优美的情操更为强而有力,只不过没有优美情操来替换和伴随,崇高的情操就会使人厌倦而不能长久地感到满足。【7】
友谊主要是对崇高感的宣泄,而性爱则是优美感的宣泄。【7】
悲剧不同于喜剧,主要地就在于前者触动了崇高感,后者则触动了优美感。【7】
在道德品质上,唯有真正的德行才是崇高的。【12】
娴于辞令是优美的,而深思的缄默则是崇高的。【19】
具有活泼的心灵结构的人,具有一种占有主导地位的优美感。【20】
第三节 论崇高和优美在两性相对关系上的区别
女性对于一切美丽的、秀媚的和装饰性的东西,都具有一种天生的强烈感情。【29】
女性的德行乃是一种优美的德行,男性的德行则应该是高贵的德行。【33】
与优美最处于对立地位的,莫过于无聊了;正有如降低到崇高之下的最深处的,莫过于是笑柄一样。【35】
第四节 论民族性——就其有懒于对崇高与优美的不同感受立论
在优美感方面使自己有别于其他各个民族的,乃是意大利人和法兰西人;而在崇高感方面则是德意志人、英格兰人和西班牙人。【48】
西班牙人是恳挚的、沉默的和真诚的。【50】
法兰西人对于道德美怀有一种压倒一切的感情。【51】
英格兰人对一切的交往起初都是冷淡的,对一个陌生人是漠不关心的。【53】
荷兰人属于一种井井有条而又勤奋的心灵状态,而且由于他单纯着眼于有用的东西,所以他就对于在美好的理智中都有些什么是优美的或崇高的东西,很少有什么感受。【55】
一个傲慢的人是一个骄傲的人,但他同时又是虚荣的。【56】
中国人的繁文缛礼和过分讲究的问候中包含有多少愚昧的怪诞!【59】
勇敢乃是野蛮人的最大的优越性,而复仇则是他最甜蜜的快乐。【61】

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第6页

悟性是崇高的,机智是优美的。勇敢是崇高而伟大的,巧妙是渺小的但却是优美的。真诚和正直是纯朴的和高贵的,玩笑和开心的恭维是精妙的和优美的。彬彬有礼是道德的优美。无私的奉献是高贵的,风度和谦恭是优美的。崇高的性质激发人们的尊敬,而优美的性质则激发人们的爱慕。其感情主要是来自优美的东西的人们,唯有在需要的时候才去寻找他们正直、可靠而热心的朋友,但他们却挑选与欢乐的、有风趣的和礼貌周全的伙伴们相交往。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-论人类的崇高与优美的一般性质 - 论人类的崇高与优美的一般性质

每次被豆瓣毁了三观以后,一定要阅读这本书,无穷的正能量让你重塑三观。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-全书摘录 - 全书摘录

译序
全书分四节:
第一节:正面论述优美与崇高的性质,楔子;
第二节:这两种美感在人性中的一般表现及其特征;
第三节:论两性之美的不同;
第四节:论不同的民族性。
美之所以成其为美,关键就在于它是“无所为而为”——与利害无关,或不考虑其实际的价值。
优美使人欢愉,崇高使人敬畏。崇高如果没有优美来补充,就不可能持久;它会使人感到可敬而不可亲,会使人敬而远之而不是亲而进之。另一方面,优美如果不能升华为崇高则无由提高,因而有陷入低级趣味的危险,虽则可爱但又不可敬了。一切真正的美,必须是既崇高而又优美,二者兼而有之,二者相颉颃而光辉。
美感可培养,和道德相联系。意味着人性可以改善,可以提高。
尽管大多数人都是从自利出发的,然而冥冥之中却仿佛是有一只看不见的手在推动这一切趋向于一个目的,“无目的的合目的性”。“非社会的社会性”:人们虽然被自利所驱使,但是从总体上看却适足以成就大自然或天意的目的而成其为天下之大公。大自然或天意有其自身的目的,它是通过每个人不同的自利的目的而达到它自己的目的的。
美丽迷人不过是过眼烟云,只有真正的敬意才能维持爱情的持久,所以培养情操和提高品德才是爱情与婚姻的最好的保障。
第一节 论崇高感与优美感的不同对象
人们各种悦意的和烦恼的不同感受之有赖于引起这些感受的外界事物的性质,远不如其有赖于人们自身的感情如何。愉快和不愉快就是由它所促动的。
因为一个人只有满足了一种愿望时,才会发见自己是幸福的。所以使他能够享受巨大的满意(而又不需要有突出才能)的那种感觉,就肯定是非同小可的了。
另一种美好的感情。我们目前所要考虑的那种较精致的感情,主要地是如下两种:崇高的感情和优美的感情。
崇高使人感动,优美则使人迷恋。

第二节 论人类的崇高与优美的一般性质
崇高的性质激发人们的尊敬,而优美的性质则激发人们的爱慕。
悲剧不同于喜剧,主要地就在于前者触动了崇高感,后者则触动了优美感。
在道德品质上,唯有真正的德行才是崇高的。然而也有某些善良的内心品质是可爱的和美好的。
同情感:它表明了对别人命运的善意的同情
殷勤:这种愿望是要以友好、以同意别人的要求并以我们的行为与别人的意愿相一致去使得别人高兴。
然而它们却根本就不是德行。
因而真正的德行只能是根植于原则之上,这些原则越是普遍,则它们也就越崇高和越高贵。这些原则不是思辨的规律而是一种感觉的意识,它就活在每个人的胸中而且它扩张到远远超出了同情和殷勤的特殊基础之外。我相信,如果我说它就是对人性之美和价值的感觉,那么我就概括了它的全部。前者乃是普遍友好的基础,后者则是普遍敌意的基础。
既然这种道德的同情还不足以把怠惰的人性趋向对公共有利的行为,于是天意就在我们身上安置了另一种感情。……导致庸俗的自私与共同的享乐这两者之间的平衡。这就是荣誉感,而继之而来的便是羞耻心。
气质:
忧郁型:崇高感主导;
活泼的:具有一种占有主导地位的优美感。
激动型: 华丽的崇高占主导;荣誉感是标志。
谨小慎微型:缺乏美妙感受,麻木不仁。没有特别突出的程度上着意掺入有任何崇高或优美的成分,不属于考察氛围之内。
把自己最可爱的自我定位在眼前,作为是自己努力的唯一参照点,并且力图使一切都以自利为轴心而转动的人,这种人乃是最大多数。在这一点上市不可能有任何不利的,因为这种人乃是最勤奋的、最守秩序的和最谨慎的,他们给予了全体以支撑和稳固,从而他们就无意之中成为对公众有利的,这就创造了必要的所需并提供了基础,使得一些更美好的灵魂得以发扬美与和谐。
因为每一个人在大舞台上都按自己占统治地位的品性而行动时,他同时也就被一种秘密的冲动所驱使,要在思想上采取一种自身以外的立场,以便判断他的行为所具有的形象在旁观者的眼中看来显得如何。这样,各个不同的群体就结合成一幅表现得光彩夺目的画面,其中统一性就在更大的多样性之中展现它的光辉,而道德性的整体也就显示出其自身的美和价值。
第三节 论崇高和优美在两性相对关系上的区别
第四节 论民族性——就其有赖于对崇高与优美的不同感受立论

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第17页

本文是从美感着手而探讨人性的,到了批判哲学的成熟期,则转而从对先天能力的分析着手(第一批判),然后继之以探讨纯粹的实践理性(第二批判),终于由审美判断的目的论打通了天人之际,使理性的三方面复归于统一。看来他好像是绕了一个圆环,又回到了原来的人性起点。但这已非是原来的原点,而是在更高一个层次上的复归。理性非经过这样一场自我批判的历程,就不是真正意义上的理性。因此,仅停留在《纯粹理性批判》的字面上或概念上理解康德思想的人,或许始终是未达一间。哲学是研究人的学问,仅凭工具理性推到出来的哲学,当然也是人的一部分,所以也是必要的而且是有价值的。……而千变万化又丰富多彩的思想和人生,不是任何一种概念体系或架构所能限定或规范得了。哲学如其只是工具理性的一个逻辑框架或结构,那就必须还得有血有肉来充实它,赋予它以活泼泼的生命。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第26页 - 论人类的崇高与优美的一般性质

在人类中间根据原则行事的人,只有极少数;这却也是极好的事,因为人在这种原则上犯错误乃是非常容易发生的事,而这时候,原则越是具有普遍性,并且为自己确立了那种原则的人越是坚定不移,则由此而产生的损害也就蔓延得越广。那些出于好心肠的驱使而行事的人,为数要更多得多;这又是最好不过的,尽管仅只它本身并不能算是一个人的特殊的优点。因为这些有德的本能有时候是很缺乏的,然而平均看来,它们却同样地是在导向大自然的伟大目标,正有如其他的本能是如此之合规律地在推动着动物世界是一样地好。把自己最可爱的自我就定位在眼前,作为是自己努力的唯一参照点,并且力图使一切都以自利为轴心而转动的人,这种人乃是最大多数。在这一点上是不可能有任何不利的,因为这种人乃是最勤奋的,最守秩序的和最谨慎的,他们赋给了全体以支撑和稳固,从而他们就无意之中成了对公众有利的,这就创造了必要的所需并提供了基础,使得一些更美好的灵魂得以发扬美与和谐。最后,存在于一切人的心中的爱荣誉——尽管在不同的程度上——也会得到发扬,那必定会对全体造成一种简直是奇迹般的迷人之美。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第10页 - 论人类的崇高与优美的一般性质

不自然的事物,只要是其中被认为是有崇高的成分,哪怕是很少或全然不曾被人发见,都是怪诞的。凡是喜欢病喜欢冒险的事情的人,就是幻想者,而倾向于怪诞的人便成为一个古怪的人。另一方面,优美感当其中完全缺乏高贵的成分时,就会蜕化变质,于是人们就称之为愚昧可笑。一个具有这种品质的男性,如果年轻的话,就叫做纨绔;如果是中年的话,那就是一个一个花花公子。因为崇高对于年纪大的人事最为需要的,因此一个年老的花花公子就是自然界中最可鄙的创造物了,正如有一个年轻的怪人是最令人反感和最不能忍受的一样。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第4页

当代研究中国哲学的学者们,有些人每好谈天人合一乃是中国思想的特征。其实这是一种无征不信、似是而非之说。因为古今中外一切哲学讲到最后,没有一家不是指向天人合一的,宇宙和人生最后终究是要打成一片的,天道、人道终究不可能不是一以贯之的。也可以说,凡不如此的,就不是哲学。问题只在于每个人各有其不同的讲法,这就成为了不同的哲学。何老师帮我解了一疑问,这篇序写得很精彩!

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第15页

庸俗的自私与共同的享乐这两者之间的平衡。这就是荣誉感,而继之而来的便是羞耻心。别人对我们的优点都可能具有什么意见以及他们对我们的行为如何判断,乃是一种威力巨大的动机,它诱导我们做出许多牺牲。……就仿佛是别人的判断就决定了我们的价值和我们的行动似的。由于这种动力而发生的事,一点也不是道德的,因而每一个想被别人认为是如此的人,都小心翼翼地在掩饰着自己的荣誉欲的动机。……因为它不是直接由于行为的美好而只是由于它在别人眼中看起来是否合宜而被引发的。既然荣誉感也很美妙,所以我就可以把由此而形成的与德行相类似的东西称之为德行的闪光。(康德《论优美感和崇高感——论人类的崇高与优美的一般性质》)

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第11页

真正的德行只能是植根于原则之上。这些原则不是思辨的规律而是一种感觉的意识,它就活在每个人的心中。它就是对人性之美和价值的感觉,这样说就概括了它的全部。惟有当一个人使自己的品性服从于如此之博大的品性的时候,我们善良的动机才能成比例地加以运用,并且会完成成其为德行美的那种高贵的形态。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第7页

按我的见解,悲剧不 同于喜剧,主要地就在于前者触动了崇高感,后者则触动了优美 感。前者表现的是为了别人的幸福慷慨献身、处在危险之中而勇敢坚定和经得住考验的忠诚。这里的爱是沉痛的、深情的和充 满了尊敬的;旁人的不幸在观者的心胸里激起了一种同情的感受,并使得他的慷慨的胸襟为着别人的忧伤而动荡。他是深情地受了 感动,并且感到了自己天性中的价值。相反地,喜剧则表现了美妙 ,令人惊奇的错乱和机巧(那是它自身会解开的)、愚弄了自 忍的意人、小丑和可笑的角色。这里的爱并不那么忧伤,它是欢快 声亲切的。然而也像在其他的情况下一样,在这里高贵在一定程度上也能够与优美结合在一起。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第12页

在道德品质上,唯有真正的德行才是崇高的。然而也有某些 善良的内心品质是可爱的和美好的,并且就它们与德行是和谐一 致的而论,也应该看作是高贵的,尽管它们确切说来并不能够说就 是属于道德性的心的。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第11页

最高的美乃是与善相结合、相统一的美。而最高的善亦然。美,说到最后,更其是一种道德美而不是什么别的。美的地位,就这样极大地被提高到一个人类思想史上前所未有的高度。美就是打通天人之际的枢纽的。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第7页

美有两种,即崇高感和优美感。每一种刺激都是令人愉悦的,但却是以不同的方式。崇高感感动人,而优美感则迷醉人。崇高必定总是伟大的,而优美却也可以是渺小的。崇高必定是纯朴的,而优美则可以是经过装扮和修饰的。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第19页

娴于辞令是优美的,而深思的缄默则是崇高的

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第1页 - 全部

第一节 论崇高感与优美感的不同对象
• 涉及普通人的灵魂所可能有的那种心灵感受。
• 崇高使人感动;优美则使人迷恋。
• 三种崇高:令人畏惧的(terrifying);高贵的(noble);华丽的(splendid)
第二节 论人类的崇高与优美的一般性质
• 崇高的性质激发人们的尊敬,而优美的性质则激发人们的爱慕。
• 崇高的情操要比优美的情操更为强而有力,只不过没有优美情操来替换和伴随,崇高的情操就会使人厌倦而不能长久地感到满足。
• 对崇高事物的感受,在更强劲地绷紧着灵魂的力量,因此会更快地使人疲倦。
• 友谊主要地是崇高感的宣泄,而性爱则是优美感的宣泄。然而柔美与深沉的敬意却赋予后者一种确凿的价值和崇高性。反之,诡谲的玩笑和信任(应为熟悉——囧才才注)则提高了这种感受(即崇高——囧才才注)的优美情调。
• 同情和殷勤都不是真正的德行(virtue)
• 真正的德行只能是植根于原则之上,这些原则越是普遍,则它们也就越崇高和越高贵。这些原则不是思辨的规律而是一种感觉的意识,它就活在每个人的胸中而且它扩张到远远超出了同情和殷勤的特殊基础之外。我相信如果我说它就是对人性之美和价值的感觉,那么我就概括了它的全部。
• 有鉴于人性的弱点以及普遍的道德感对于绝大多数人心所能施加的力量之薄弱,天意便在我们身上安置了这类辅助性的冲动作为对德行的补充;它们在推动某些人并无原则地去做美好的行为的同时,也给另外那些受着原则所支配的人们以一种更大的驱策和一种更强的冲动去趋向于美好的行为。
• 被采纳的德行(adoptive virtues):同情和殷勤;德行的闪光(gloss of virtues):荣誉感和羞耻心。
• 对于人性之美和价值有着一种内心的感情,以及心灵有一种决心与坚强要把自己的全部行动都归结于此作为其普遍的基础,——这便是真诚,它和轻薄的寻欢作乐、和心性轻佻的反复无常是无缘的。它甚至于很接近于沉痛,就其是建立在那种畏惧感之上而言,那是一种甜美而高尚的感情。那种畏惧感是一个受束缚的灵魂,当其怀着一种伟大的意图但又看到他所必须要加以克服的种种危险以及自己眼前的艰辛而又巨大的自我克服的胜利时,所会感受到的。这样,有原则而产生的真正的德行其本身就有着某些东西,看来是与温和意义上的忧郁的(melancholy)心灵状态相一致的。
• (忧郁型人的)幸福首先是满意而不是欢乐。他是坚定的。因此之故,他就使自己的感情听命于原则。他们所服从的这种原则越是具有普遍性,而且把低级的感情也包括在内的那种高级感情越是广阔,他们也就越是因此而不屈从于种种无常的变化。品性的一切特殊的基础都是要服从各种例外和变化的,只要它们不是从这样一个更高一级的基础推导出来的。
• 高贵的基础是始终如一的,并不是那么屈服于外界事物的变化无常。
• 在人类中间根据原则行事的人,只有极少数;这却也是极好的事,因为人在这种原则上犯错误乃是非常容易发生的事。而这时候,原则越是具有普遍性,并且为自己确立了那种原则的人越是坚定不移,则由此而产生的损害也就蔓延地越广。那些出于好心肠的驱使而行事的人,为数要更多得多;这又是最好不过的,尽管仅只它本身并不能算是一个人的特殊的优点。因为这些有德的本能有时候是很缺乏的,然而平均看来,他们却同样地是在导向大自然的伟大目标,正有如其他的本能是如此之合规律地在推动着动物世界是一样地好。把自己最可爱的自我就定位在眼前,作为是自己努力的唯一参照点,并且力图使一切都以自利为轴心而转动的人,这种人乃是最大多数。在这一点上是不可能有任何不利的,因为这种人乃是最勤奋的、最守秩序的和最谨慎的,他们赋给了全体以支撑和稳固,从而他们就无意之中成了对公众有利的,这就创造了必要的所需并提供了基础,使得一些更美好的灵魂得以发扬美与和谐。最后,存在于一切人的心中的爱荣誉——尽管在不同程度上——也会得到发扬,那必定会对全体造成一种简直是奇迹般的迷人之美。因此尽管荣誉欲就其成为一个规律而使人以其他的品性都听命于它而言,乃是一种愚蠢的幻念。但是作为一种辅助性的冲动,它却是极其出色的。因为每一个人在大舞台上都按自己占统治地位的品性而行动时,他同时也就被一种神秘的冲动所驱使,要在思想上采取一种自身之外的立场,以便判断他的行为所具有的形象在旁观者的眼中看来显得如何。这样,各个不同的群体就结合成一幅表现得华彩夺目的画面,其中统一性就在更大的多样性之中展现出它的光辉,而道德性的整体也就显示出其自身的美和价值。
第三节 论崇高和优美在两性相对关系上的区别
• 两种性别的人都结合有这两者(崇高和优美——囧才才注),从而一个女性的全部其他优点都将因此而联合起来,为的是要高扬优美的特性,而优美乃是一个理所当然的参照点;反之,在男性的品质中,则崇高就突出显著地成为了他那个类别的标志。
• 女性对于一切美丽的秀媚的和装饰性的东西,都具有一种天生的强烈感情。
• 她们把美置于实用之前,并且很愿意把维持生活的节余转来储蓄,以便支付在争奇竞艳方面的消费。
• 深刻的沉思和长期不懈的思考是高贵的、但却是艰苦的,不大适合于一个其无拘无束的魅力就仅只表现为一种优美性的人。辛苦的学习或艰难的思索,哪怕一个女性在这方面有高度的成就,也会消灭她那女性本身所固有的优点,而且这一点还可能由于其罕见的缘故而成为一种受到冷淡的惊叹的对象,与此同时它却削弱了女性能用来对于男性施加巨大威力的那种魅力。
• 性倾向之中完全简单的和粗鄙的感觉,确实是十分直截地在引向大自然的伟大的目的的,而且当它完成了其要求的时候,它所给予人本身的就应该是直截了当地使他欢悦;然而,由于它那巨大的普遍性的缘故,它却很轻易地蜕化为放荡和轻佻。在另一方面,一种非常之精细化的情趣确乎是有助于消除人们狂热品性中的野性。同时,尽管它把这些只限定在极少数对象的身上,使之庄重得体,然而它却通常总是错过了大自然的伟大的终极目标;而且既然它所需要的或期待的要比大自然通常所提供的更多,所以它就很少去关心要使得感情十分纤细的人幸福。前一种心灵状态将是粗野的,因为它是朝向所有的异性的;而第二种将是冥想的,因为它实际上并不朝向任何人,而只是关怀着恋爱的品性在思想中所创造出来的一个对象,并且用所有的高贵的和优美的品质把它装扮起来,而这些品质确实大自然很少能在一个人身上结合起来的,而且尤其罕见的是竟能把它们带给那个懂得珍惜它们的人、或许还是最配得上享有这些东西的那个人。由此便造成了婚姻结合的延迟以及终于完全被放弃了,或者是——也许更糟糕的是——在选定了婚姻之后,人们为自己所制造的那种伟大的期待并未实现时的那种忧伤与悔恨之情。
• 女性对于优美具有一种优异的感情,这是就其属于她本身而言,但是对于高贵,那却仅是以其在男性身上所发现的为限了。反之,男人对于高贵具有一种确切的感情,那是属于他的本性的;但是对于优美,则只是以其在女性身上所发现的为限。由此必定可以推论,大自然的目的就是要趋向于通过不同性别的品质而使得男人更加高贵化,并通过同样的办法而使得女性更加优美化。一个女性不必由于她没有能把握到一种高瞻远瞩、或者是她很怯弱没有能从事繁钜的工作等等而感到什么惶惑不安;她是美丽的,并且她接受了这一点,这就够了。反之,她却要求男人要具有所有的这些品质,而且她的灵魂的崇高性就仅仅表现在她懂得珍视她在男人身上发现的这些高贵的品质。
• 虚荣和风尚很可能赋予这些自然的冲动以一种错误的方向,使得许多男人们成了奶油小生,使女性们成了女书呆子或是女武士(亚马逊),然而大自然却总是力图把他们引回到它自身的秩序上面来。
• 假如女性的道德感能及时地发挥出来,取而代替大量枯燥无味的说教,从而使人能感受到什么是属于另一种性别的价值及其崇高的品质,由此而准备好要鄙视愚蠢的矫揉造作,并且除了成就而外决不把自己奉献给任何其他的品质。还可以肯定的是,她那强大的魅力一般地也会因此而有收获;因为不言而喻的是,女性的引诱力大部分只是对更高贵的灵魂才起作用,而其余的人则还不够美好,还不足以感受它。
• 当一切都达到极致时,男人对自己的优异性就可以大胆地说:即使是你不爱我,我也要迫使你不能不尊重我;而女性对自己魅力的权威也非常之有把握,就会回答说:即使是你们内心里并不高度评价我们,我们也要迫使你们不得不爱我们。
• 在婚姻生活中,配偶相结合就好像是形成了一个单一的道德人,那是被男人的理智和妻子的情趣所鼓舞和指导的。
• 所有由这些感受而得到的美好和甜蜜,都只是在一开始才具有其全部的强烈力量,但是随后就由于共同生活和家务操劳而逐渐变得日益迟钝,这时它就退化成为互相信赖的爱情;而这里面的伟大艺术就在于仍然能保持这些东西的充分的残余,从而无所谓的态度和厌倦都不会勾销欢愉的全部价值,从而正是由于这个缘故,才唯有它是值得人们去做出这样一种结合的。
第四节 论民族性——就其有赖于对崇高与优美的不同感受立论
几无亮点,略

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第46页 - 论崇高和优美在两性相对关系上的区别

当一切都达到极致时,男人对自己的优异性就可以大胆的说:即使是你不爱我,我也要迫使你不能不尊重我;而女性对自己的魅力的权威也非常之有把握,就会回答说:即使是你们内心并不高度评价我们,我们也要迫使你们不得不爱我们。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第14页

同情和殷勤不是德行的直接基础。
因而真正的德行只能是根植于原则之上,这些原则越是普遍,则它们也就越崇高和越高贵。这些原则不是思辨的规律而是一种感觉的意识,它就活在每个人的胸中而且它扩张到远远超出了同情和殷勤的特殊基础之外。有鉴于人性的弱点以及普遍的道德感对于绝大多数人新所能施加的力量之薄弱,天意便在我们身上安置了这类辅助性的冲动作为对德行的补充;它们在推动某些人并无原则地去做美好的行为的同时,也给另外那些受着原则所支配的人们以一种更大的驱策和一种更强的冲动去趋于美好的行为。同情和殷勤乃是美好行为的基础,但它们或许会被一种庸俗的自私自利之压倒的重量所窒息;正如我们已经看到的,它们根本就不是德行的直接基础,尽管它们既然因为与之相关而受到尊敬,于是也就博得了它们的那种名声。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第10页

在人性中,从来就不会发现有任何一种值得称道的品质,是同时并不具有其本身的变种的,它们将会通过无穷无尽的翳影直到最极端的不美满的状态。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第6页

崇高激发人的尊敬,而优美则激发人的爱慕。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-论崇高和优美在两性相对关系上的区别 - 论崇高和优美在两性相对关系上的区别

总的来说,男人和女人不是一种人,女人顶的半边天是整片天空的一半,而不是每样事情都掺和一半。
男人年轻的时候负责解决复杂问题,养家糊口,年长以后负责风度翩翩。
女人年轻的时候负责美丽动人,以后就是温柔贤惠。男人驾驭不了女人才会让她去解决智力和体力问题。
男人和女人该干嘛干嘛,各自回家各找各妈。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第43页

最后,年龄——美的这位大毁灭者——在威胁着所有的这些魅力,而且当它按照自然的秩序前进时,它就必定要逐渐地以崇高和高贵的品性来取代优美的地位,从而使一个人——当她的可爱减少的时候——永远都值得更大的尊敬。按我的意见,美丽的性别在年华正茂时所赋有的全部完美性,都应该通过对一切有魅力的和高尚的东西的一种精美化了的感情而被提升为一种美的单纯性。(康德《论优美感和崇高感》)

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第3页

黑夜是崇高的,白昼则是优美的。对崇高的事物具有感情的那种心灵方式,在夏日夜晚的寂静之中,当闪烁的星光划破了夜色昏暗的阴影而孤独的皓月注入眼帘时,便会慢慢被引到对友谊、对鄙夷世俗、对永恒性的种种高级的感受之中。崇高使人感动,优美则使人迷恋。一个经受了充分崇高感的人,他那神态是诚恳的,有时候还是刚强可怕的。反之,对于优美之活泼泼的感受,则通过严重光辉的快乐,通过笑魇的神情并且往往是通过高声欢乐而表现出来。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第10页

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《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第27页 - 论人类的崇高与优美的一般性质

每一个人在大舞台上都按自己占统治地位的品性而行动时,他同时也就被一种秘密的冲动所驱使,要在思想上采取一种自身之外的立场,以便判断他的行为所具有的形象在旁观者的眼中看来显得如何。这样,各个不同的群体就结合成一幅表现得华彩夺目的画面,其中统一性就在更大的多样性之中展现出它的光辉,而道德性的整体也就显示出其自身的美和价值。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第5页

《判断力批判》开宗明义就有理性三分的提法(从此,美学也就在哲学中占有了合法的独立地位)。但是理性自身终究不能总是天下三分而仍要复归一统的;天人是不能永隔而终究要合一的。康德美学理论的重要性,不仅在于它是一种美学理论,而尤其在于它是打通天人之际的关键。由此,理性的三个方面就得到了最后的综合和统一。也可以说,宇宙的理性使人类的理性崇高,而人类理性的崇高则是宇宙理性的鹄的。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第7页

崇高的情操要比优美的情操更为强而有力,只不过没有优美情操来替换和伴随,崇高的情操就会使人厌倦而不能长久地感到满足。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第21页 - 论凡人的貌似崇高与貌似优美的一般性质

一个被认为是属于激动型的心灵结构的人,对于那种人们可以称之为华而不实的崇高具有一种占主导地位的感情。它实质上只不过是崇高性的虚假闪烁,是一种强烈夺目的色彩,它或许只是掩盖了很恶劣或很平庸的事情或人物的内在涵义,却靠外表来迷惑人或感动人。正如有一座建筑要靠粉饰来给人造成石雕所表现出来的那种高贵印象一样......激动型的人认为他自己的价值和行为的价值,都是由于他能触动别人眼光的那些姿态和外表的缘故。至于对象本身所包含的内在本性和运动的根据,他却是冷漠的,既没有受到真正善意的炙暖,也不是由敬意所推动的。他甚至于只有当他被别人认为是幸福的时候,他才自以为是幸福的。他的行为是造作的。他必须懂得掌握各式各样的立场,以便从旁观者们各种不同的地位来判断他自己的外表。因为他很少问一问他自己是什么,而只是问他表现出来的是什么。为了这个缘故,他就必须很好地知道他的举止对于他身旁的一般人的趣味和各式各样的印象所产生的作用。既然他在这种诡谲的警觉之中需要有彻底的冷血,并且决不能让自己被自己心里的爱、同情和怜悯弄得茫然无措,所以他也会避免一个天真活泼的人所陷入的许多蠢事和烦恼,而一个天真活泼的人却是受到自己的当前感受所迷惑的。因为这个缘故,他一般地总是显得自己要比他实际上更加理智得多。他的善意乃是礼貌,他的敬意乃是仪式,他的爱则是在向别人讨好的奉承。当他采取一个情人或一个朋友的姿态时,他总是全心都是他自己,从来都既不是一个情人,也不是一个朋友。他力求以洒脱来炫耀自己,可是因为他的一切都是矫揉和造作,因此他是僵硬的而又笨拙的。然而这丝毫不妨碍他在俗人眼里被评价为老于世故的,因为即便后者识破了他的矫饰,也仍旧钦佩这番高妙的门面功夫。他要远比一个单纯被偶然的印象所驱遣的人更加按照原则行事,然而这种原则并不是德行的原则而是荣耀的原则,而且他也没有美感或行为的高尚感,他的感情只是世人对它们怎样评价而已。即使在某个不眠的夜晚他被自己良心深处的耻感所啮噬,到了第二天早晨又旋即恢复了理智,他管这叫做内心的坚强。因为他的作为——就人们看不到它所由以产生的来源而言,——在其它各个方面都几乎和德行本身一样是普遍有用的,所以在一般人的眼中他也就博得了和有德的人一样的高度评价。但是在精微的眼睛面前,他就小心翼翼地掩饰自己,因为他很清楚他那追求荣誉欲的秘密动机会招致怎样的评价。因为他就格外投身于弄虚作假,在信仰上是虚伪的,在社交上是一个谄媚者,在政治党派上随时准备好趋附于“时代精神”。他很愿意做一个伟大人物的奴隶,以便使自己能够成为一个君临于小人物之上的僭主。天真性这种高贵而优美的纯朴无邪,带着自然的而不是人工造作的标记,对于他是全然陌生的。此处需要留意的是,我们在这里仅仅是致力于描画理念型,现实中这种人往往在刚成年时就埋葬了自己曾有过的天真性。因此,当他的趣味堕落时,他的光彩就会闪烁不定,也就是说,以一种逆反的方式在发光。由于他在空话连篇的人们(装腔作势的人们)中间的作风以及他的装模作样,他就正好成了一个怪人,那对于华丽就正有如冒险或怪异之于真正的崇高。他受到侮辱时,就诉诸于战争或庭审控辩,而在民事关系方面,则是诉诸于出身、先例或头衔。只要他还仅仅不过是虚荣,也就是说仅仅是在追求荣誉和关心在别人眼中的观感,那么他还是很可原谅的;惟有当他全然缺乏真实的优点和才能,又还要吹嘘的时候,那时他就是一个人们至少会看作的那种东西,亦即一个蠢才了。
康德这段论述极精彩地描摹出现代市民的性情,而之前的活泼型则更适合当这位市民的老婆,而忧郁型则是现代学人的肖像——这幅肖像经历了巴尔扎克和萨特所代表的两个不同阶段。摘抄时我在一些地方改动了原文,以便更清晰地凸显出原作者那吊诡的意图:我们显然不清楚这番描摹究竟是“自然主义”的还是源自纯粹的创作,特别是作者本人极力克制自己那非凡的洞察力和清醒的见地。归功于这份克制,我们如今才能够随处见到形形色色的崇高与优美。康德之所以未能做到彻底克制,是出于担忧自己在同行眼中的形象,而对于比他年代更早且在政治立场上也老练得多的卢梭来说,从一开始就排除了这类担忧——任何一个长眼睛的人读了他的第一篇论文,都会由衷佩服他对启蒙运动所采取的那种双重立场。
就算你对于立法术毫无兴趣,因而并不关心康德在写作中是否贯彻着某种政治意图,但作为一个真诚的人,起码还是能从这幅性情描摹中窥察到智慧的。想必任何一个坦率的人都会承认,所有社会、一切时代下的大多数人都是所谓的“激动型”。然而事实上搞学问的人,即所谓的少数人,也未能逃脱此列。读读柏拉图是如何讥讽他同时代的那些学究和狂热粉丝的,再读读伊拉斯谟笔下的那些饱学而又愚不可及的僧侣修士,你就会明白学问人受到最盲目的虚荣支配的程度,绝不亚于与书本无缘的老百姓,只不过学人更虚伪,懂得怎样利用社会对于学问的尊敬掩饰这一点而已。我时常问自己,究竟读书能给人带来什么?我所观察到的最直观事实,即那些成天念叨着康德、海德格尔的人一旦谈论起生活中的某个话题,立刻就暴露自己的愚蠢,甚至还不如那些没读过书然而富有经验的人。事实上阅读可能带给人的蒙蔽,绝不亚于生活本身。造成这一点的原因,除了作者很少愿意直白地坦露自己的洞见之外,主要来自于读者自己,也就是说,在业已存在大量偏见的情况下,很少能如其所是地思考作者究竟在想些什么问题,意欲揭示什么道理。这些偏见或是来源于早先所受到的教育,或是来自于自身的激情和欲望,比如抱着当下某个思想传统的大腿不放,通过当仆人为自己挣得成就感,然而这些抱大腿的人往往对于那个传统的缔造者只有最肤浅的领会。说到底,获得智慧仅仅是为了获得幸福的手段,而真实的幸福则需要智慧赋予我们以辨析能力和设计能力。反过来,智慧也可能给我们带来伤害,因为它把我们从自己原先扎根其中的错误生活方式中连根拔起。对于在这个过程中体会不到乐趣的人来说,智慧无异于一种可怕的折磨,然而其替代品——各种似是而非的理论、胡说八道的论文、乌烟瘴气的会议和势利眼的学院生活——则带来真实得多的满足。因此,那些奋起捍卫普通人的生活方式的人往往也是些普通人,他们其实是在捍卫自己的弱点,当他们引用那些真正的强者来支持自己的立场时,从未意识到这些强者对弱者的感情从未超过把他们当作工具来利用的兴致。而那些用一生时间专注于探究纯粹理论性事物的学究则是可敬的,尽管他们毕生努力的唯一成果很可能只是毁掉了自己的视力,但这种远离大地、紧紧盯着天空的幸福感毕竟更神圣些,比起那些只相信身体感觉的俗人要强多了。
我说这么多,只是因为康德的这段性情摹写使我想起原先的一个同学。

《论优美感和崇高感》的笔记-第14页

因而真正的德行只能是植根于原则之上,这些原则越是普遍,则它们也就越崇高和越高贵。这些原则不是思辨的规律而是一种 感觉的意识,它就活在每个人的胸中而且它扩张到远远超出了同 情和殷勤的特殊基础之外。我相信,如果我说它就是对人性之美 和价值的感觉,那么我就概了它的全部。前者乃是普遍友好的 基础;后者则是普遍敬意的基础。而当这种感觉在一个人的心中 达到了最大的完满性的时候,那么这个人就确实该爱他自已和尊 重他自己,一一但这是仅就他乃是他那博大而高贵的感觉所扩及 于一切人之中的一个人而言。唯有当一个人使他自已的品性服从 于如此之广博的品性的时候,我们善良的动机才能成比例地加以 运用,并且会完成成其为德行美的那种高贵的形态。


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