《英文写作指南》章节试读

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第1页

In proportion as men delight in battles, bullfights, and combats of gladiators, will they punish by hanging, burning, and the rack . √
In proportion as the manners, customs, and the amusements of a nation are cruel and barbarous, the regulations of its penal code will be severe.
home is the sailor
These are the times that try men's souls. Thomas Paine
As yet he has not succeeded 至今他尚未成功
a clever horse 一匹温顺的马
He claimed he knew how他声称知道底细
He declared he knew how他自称知道底细
consider表示 认为是 时，后面不跟介词as I consider him comppetent.
consider表示 仔细考虑或讨论 examine or discuss时 后面跟介词as
The lecturer considered Eisenhower first as soldier and second as administrator.
such as/ for example或任何类似的词组引导的列举事物的末尾用etc是不正确的
inflammable
不要在句首用however表示nevertheless however在句首时 意为 不管用什么方法 或 无论达到什么程度
as regards= in regard to inside of five minutes少于五分钟
nauseous令人作呕的 令人厌恶的 nauseated恶心的 I feel nauseated
quarters+复数 住所 headquarters+单数或复数
政治上的支持或反对来自人民the people；而艺术鉴赏或商业赞助来自公众the public
写作是信念的行为，不是语法的把戏。
最终决定文体的是作者的为人，而不是作者的知识
regretful 懊悔的 感到遗憾的 有时会被粗心地当做regrettable令人遗憾的 使人悔恨的 来使用 The mixup was due to a regrettable breakdown in communication
用first second third而非firstly secondly thirdly在规范的文章中，将来时第一人称用shall 将来时第二和第三人称用will 表示说话者对将来行为或状态的信念时，用I shall这个程式；I will表示说话者的决心或赞同。一个不幸遇难的游泳者喊道 ：I shall drown; no one will save me!(我快要淹死了，谁来救救我！)一个自杀者说的话可就不同了：I will drown; no one shall save me!
state仅表示 充分地或清楚地表达
带有than的句子都应该仔细检查 确保没有漏掉必要的词语 尤其是介词 不能省
many a a large number of 许多 (used with a sing n + sing v 与单数名词+单数动词连用): Many a strong man has weakened before such a challenge. 很多坚强的人面对这种困难都动摇了. * Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs. 很多着名的流行音乐歌星都因使用毒品而毁了自己. * I've been to the top of the Eiffel Tower many a time. 我曾多次登上埃菲尔铁塔的塔顶. * (saying 谚) Many a true word is spoken in jest. 笑谈之中有真话.
The grim account of his villainty transpired

《英文写作指南》的笔记-破折号的使用 - 破折号的使用

规则八
破折号表示突然停顿或中断，引导一个较长的同位语或简短的总结。
破折号的分隔作用比逗号强，但不如分号正式，又不如圆括号严谨。
只有当较为普通的标点符号似乎都不适用时，才使用破折号。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第25页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

- 规则十一 位于居首的分词短语必须与句子的主语相关
- Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two
children.
walking 修饰 he
- He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, waking slowly down
the road.
walking 修饰 woman
- 连词后的分词或介词后的动名词，做同位语的名词，形容词和形容词短语，他们谓语句首时，也要遵循上述规则，例如：
- On arriving in Chicago, he was met at the station by his
friends.
- A solider of proved valour, he was entrusted with the defines
of the city.
- Young and inexperienced, I thought this task easy.
- Without a friend to counsel him, he found the temptation
irresistible.

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第50页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则十八 避免一连串结构松散的句子
- 这条规则特指某一类结构松散的句子：由两个分句组成；第二个分句又由连词或关系词引导句子。
- This rule refers especially to loose sentences of a particular
type: those consisting of two clauses, the second introduced by a
conjunction or relative.
- 不老练的作者，有时会写出一整段的这类句子，实用的连词主要由 and、but，其次是用于非限制性意义的关系词
who、which、when、where 和 while。（参见规则三）。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第3页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

规则三 插入语应位于两个逗号之间
- The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to
travel on foot.
- February to July, 1972
- April 6, 1956
- 6 April 1956
- Wednesday, November 25, 1984
- If, Sir, you refuse, I can not predict what will happen.
- Letter, packages, etc., should go here.
- Dawei Huang, Ph. D., is a lazy boy.
- Dawei the boy
- 非限制性定于从句需要用逗号分隔
- The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and
more interested.
- 在这些句子中，which、when 和 where 引导的都是非限制性从句，因此用逗号间隔。这种类型是可以拆分成独立的句子的。
- 限制性从句是不能拆分的，如下面：
- People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第29页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则十三 把段落作为文章的单位
- 段落时一种实用而方便的篇章单位。
- 一个题目要求分成几个论题，每个论题各用一段文字加一论述。这样做的目的当然时有助于读者的理解。
- 一般来说，每段的第一句要么点名论题，要么时有助于文章的过度。就段落本身而言，其与前文的关系，或其作为整体的一部分的作用，有必要表达清
楚。为此，有时只要在一段的首句中用上一个词或短语就行。例如 again、therefore、for the same
reason。然而，有时最好还是用一两个引导性的或过渡性的句子，逐步深入论题。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第12页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

规则六 不要把句子拆成两半

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第139页 - 文体初探

学习写作就好比学习弹射偶尔飞过的鸟儿，打下那一闪而过的思想之鸟。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第32页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则十四 使用主动语态
- 主动语态通常比被动语态更直接，更有力，比较一下说法：
- Dead leaves covered the ground.
- There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground.
- He soon repented his words.
- It was not long before he was very sorry hat he had said what
he had.
- Failing health compelled him to leave college.
- The reason he left college was that his health became
impaired.
- 句子越有力，通常越短。因此，简洁时生动有力的副产品。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第8页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

规则四 引导独立分句的连词前，需要用逗号
- The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its
first years can no longer be reconstructed.
- The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.
- 两个分句的主语相同并只出现一次，连词前用逗号：
- I have heard his arguments, but am still unconvinced.
- 如果连词连接的两部分关系密切，则可省去逗号：
- He has had several years’ experience and is thoroughly competent.

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第65页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则二十二 把一个句子中要强调的词放在句末
- 作者想要强调的词或词组，在句中的恰当位置通常是句末：
- Humanity has hardly advanced in fortitude since that time,
though it has advanced in many other ways.
- Since that time, humanity has advanced in many ways, but it
has hardly advanced in fortitude.
- This steel is principally used for making razors, because of
its hardness.
- Because of its hardness, this steel is used principally for
making razors.
- 能位于这个强调位置上的词或词组通常是逻辑上的谓语——即句中提示未知信息的部分。
- 掉尾句之所以有力，是因为它突出了主句：
- With these hops and in this belief I would urge you, laying
aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to
devote yourself unswervingly and unflinchingly to the
vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.
- 句中另一强调的未知是句首。句中除主语外的任一成分置于句首时，都受到强调：
- Deceit or treachery he could never forgive.
- Vast and rude, fretted by the action of nearly three thousand
years, the fragments of this architecture may often seem, at
first sight, like works of nature.
- Home is the sailor.

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第38页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则十六 使用肯定、明确、具体的词语
- 作者在说明和说理时，也必须把握住具体的事例；甚至在论述普遍的原理是，他也必须提供具体的事例。
- In proportion as the manners, customs, and amusements of a
nation are cruel and barbarous, the relation of its penal
code will be severe.
- In proportion as men delight in battles, bullfights, and
combats of gladiators, will they punish by hanging, burning,
and the rack.

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第21页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

- 规则十 代词的格要用得得当
- Will Jane or he be hired, do you think?
- 当 who 引导一个从句时，其格取决于他在从句中的语法功能。
- Virgil Soames is the candidate who we think will win.
主格
- Virgil Soames is the candidate whom we hope to elect.
宾格
- 代词和比较级连用，如果它是一个已经叙述过的或是省略的动词的主语，则用主格形式。
- Sandy writes better than I (write).
- 一般不要省略动词而要把它写出来。
- I think Horace admires Jessica more than I do.
- Polly loves cake more thank she loves me.
- 使用宾格
- The ranger offered Shirley and him some advice on campsites.
- They came to meet the Baldwins and us.
- Let’s talk it over between us, you and me.
- Whom should I ask?
- A group of us taxpayers protested.
- 在最后一个例句中，us 是 taxpayers 的同位语，一起充当介词 of
的宾语。这样的措辞虽然在语法上说得通，但在表达上不太恰当。如果把这句写成“A group of us protested
as tzxpayers.”就比较合适，尽管和原句的意思不完全等同。
- 用作句子主语的人称代词需要用主格。反身代词不能用作句子的主语。
- Blake and I stayed home.
- Howard and you brought the lunch, I thought.
- Mother objected to our driving on the icy roads.
- They heard him singing in the shower.
- 现在分词和动名词之间的区别并不总是很明显的，注意：
- Do you mind me asking a question?
强调是我问
- Do you mind my asking a question?
强调是能不能问

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第50页 - 规则18

「这条规则特指某一类结构松散的句子：由两个分句组成、第二个分句又由连词或关系词引导的句子。」
原文：
"This rule refers especially to loose sentences of a particular type: those consisting of two clauses, the second introduced by a conjunction or relative."
這么早出版的译作，奇葩的翻译也存在。
目前出版的译作，奇葩的翻译实在是更多。因为懒而看译作，结果常常是得英汉对照起来看。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第45页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则十七 省略不必要的词
- the question as to whether
- whether
- there is no doubt but that
- no doubt
- used for fuel purposes
- used for fuel
- he is a man who
- he
- is a hasty manner
- hastily
- there is a subject that
- this subject
- His story is a strange one.
- His story is strange.
- the reason why is that
- because
- 特别无力的一个词语是 the fact that，应该从所在的每个句子里删去。
- 请参阅第四章列出的词语：case、character、nature。
- who is、which was 以及诸如此类的词语常常是多余的。
本质就是将非限制性定语从句变成同位语
- His brother, who is a member of the same firm
- His brother, a member of the same firm
- Trafalgar, which was Nelson’s last battle
- Trafalgar, Nelson’s last battle
- 一种常见的啰嗦说法是用一组句子一步一步地表述一个复杂的思想。如果将这些句子组成一个句子，表达就显得紧凑了：
循序渐进的写作方法。一开始可以用简单句进行书写。
- Macbeth was very ambitious. This led him to wish to become
king of Scotland. The witches told him that this wish of his
would come true. The king of Scotland at this time was
Duncan. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth murdered Duncan. He
was thus enabled to successes Duncan as king.
- Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth achieved his ambition and
realised the prediction of the witches by murdering Duncan
and becoming king of Scotland in his place.

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第15页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

规则八 破折号表示突然停顿或中断，引导一个较长的同位语或简短的总结

《英文写作指南》的笔记-冒号的使用 - 冒号的使用

规则七
在独立分句之后用冒号来引导一列具体的事物、一个同位语、一个进一步阐述的词语或一条说明性的引语。
冒号说明：其后面部分和前面的分句是密切相关的。
冒号的作用比逗号强，比破折号正式但其分隔作用不如分号。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第1页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

规则一 单数名词构成所有格加 ’s
- Charles’s friend
- Burns’s poems
- one’s rights
- somebody else’s umbrella

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第56页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则二十 把相关的词放在一起
- 把意思相关词和词组放在一起，把不慎相关的词和词组隔开。注意比较以下表达：
- He noticed a large stain in the rug that was right in the
center.
- He noticed a large stain in the centre of the rug.
- You can call you mother in London and tell her all about
George’s taking you out to dinner for just sixty cents.
- For just six cents you can call your mother in London and
tell her all about George’s taking you out to dinner.
- New York’s first commercial humans perm bank opened Friday
with semen samples from 18 men frozen in a stainless steel
tank.
- New York’s first commercial humans perm bank opened Friday
when semen samples were taken from 18 men. The Samples were
then frozen and stored in a stainless steel tank.
- 句子的主语和主要动词通常不应该让一个短语或从句隔开，这个短语或从句可以移到句子的开头：
- Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a
minute description of the church.
- In the fifth book of The Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute
description of this church.
- A dog, if you fail to discipline him, becomes a household
pest.
- Unless disciplined, a dog becomes a household pest.
- 大多数情况下，关系代词应紧接在它的先行词之后
- There was a stir in the audience that suggested disapproval.
- A stir that suggested disapproval swept the audience.
- He wrote three articles about his adventures in Spain, which
were published in Harper’s Magazine.
- He published three articles in Harper’s Magazine about his
adventures in Spain.
- This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, grandson of William
Henry Harrison, who became President in 1889.
- This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, who became President
in 1889. He was the grandson of William Henry Harrison.
- 如果先行词是一个词组，在不会引起奇异的情况下，将关系词置于该词组的末尾：
- The superintendent of the Chicago Division, who...
- 但下句应改称其下面的形式：
- A proposal to amend the Sherman Act, which has been variously
judged…
- A proposal, which has been variously judged, to amend the
Sherman Act…
- The grandson of William Henry Harrison, who...
- William Henry Harrison’s grandson, Benjamin Harrison, who…
- 用作同位语的名词可以位于先行词和关系词之间，不会产生歧义：
- The Duke of York, his brother, who was regarded with
hostility by the Whigs...
- 修飾語的位置應該盡可能靠近它們所修飾的詞。如果有好幾個詞修飾同一個詞，則應将它们做适当的排列，以免产生错误的修饰关系：
- All the members were not present.
- Not all the members were present.
- He only found two mistakes.
- He found only two mistakes.
- The chairman said he hoped all members would give generously
to the Fund at a meeting of the committee yesterday.
- At the meeting of the committee yesterday, the chairman said
he hoped all members would give generously to the Fund.
- Major R.E. Joyce will give a lecture on Tuesday evening in
Bailey Hall, to which the public is invited on “My
Experiences in Mesopotamia” at eight P.M.
时间到底是修饰什么的？
- On Tuesday evening at eight, Major R.E. Joyce will give a
lecture in Bailey Hall on his experiences in Mesopotamia. The
public is invited.
时间到底是修饰什么的？

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第28页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则十二 文章的格局已经选定，千万不能偏离
- 大多数文章，就其形式而言，规定的并没有那么明确，而是比较灵活的，但所有的文章都有一个骨架，作者将有血有肉的内容充实进去。作者对文章的
格局了解得越清楚，成功得希望就越大。
平时多读，多总结，归纳出你自己喜欢的风格，并在你需要写作特定的体裁的文章时候，将这种风格的骨架应用。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第13页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

规则七 在独立分句之后用冒号来引导一系列具体的事物、一个同位语、一个进一步阐述的词语或一条说明性的引语
- 冒号通常位于独立分句之后，但不应置于动词和其宾语或介词和其宾语之间。
- Your dedicated whittler requires three props: a kinef, a piece of
wood, and a back porch.
- Understanding is that penetrating quality of knowledge that grows
from theory, practice, conviction, assertion, error, and humiliation.
- 两个独立分句，如果第二个分句是对第一个分句进行解释或作进一步阐述，则用冒号连接。
- But even so, there was a directness and dispatch about animal burial:
there was no stopover in the undertaker’s foul parlour, no wreath or
spray.
- 冒号还可以用来引导一句作证或说明前面一个分句的引语。
- The squalor of the streets reminded him of a line from Oscar Wilder:
“We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars."
- Dear Mr. Montague:
正式的书信

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第2页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

规则二 由一个连词连接的三个或三个以上的一组词语中，除了最后一个之外，其余的每个词语后面都需要用逗号分开
- red, white, and blue
- gold, silver, or copper
- He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its content.
- Brown, Shipley and Co.

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第34页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则十五 话要从正面说
- not honest
- dishonest
- not important
- trifling
- did not remember
- forgot
- did not pay any attention to
- ignored
- did not have much confidence in
- distrusted
- not 之外的否定词通常带有很强的否定含义
- 如果你写的每个句子都让读者存有怀疑，你的文章就缺乏根据和说服力。因此，除非真的无法确定，否则就不要用助动词
would、should、could、may、might 或 can。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第10页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

规则五 不要用逗号连接独立分句
- Stevenson’s romances are entertaining; they are full of exciting
adventures.
- Stevenson’s romances are entertaining. They are full of exciting
adventures.
- Stevenson’s romances are entertaining, for they are full of exciting
adventures.
- It is nearly half past five, and we can not reach town before dark.
- I had never been in this place before; besides, it was dark as a tomb.

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第17页 - 第一章 惯用法的基本规则

- 规则九 主语的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数
- The bittersweet flavour of youth—its trials, its joys, its
adventures, its challenges—is not soon forgotten.
- One of the ablest men who have attacked this problem.
- One of the those people whore are never ready on time.
- Everybody thinks he has a sense of humour.
- None of us is perfect.
- 当 none 指“一个以上的人或物”时，谓语动词常用复数。
- None are so fallible as those who are sure they’re right.
- 两个或两个以上名词用 and 连接起来组成的复合主语几乎总是要求动词用复数。
- The walrus and the carpenter were walking close at hand.
- 某些复合主语——通常是一些约定俗成的词语——就像那些由 each 或 every
修饰的复合主语一样，因搭配固定二被看作一个单位，所以动词用单数形式
- Every window, picture, and mirror was smashed.
- 一个单数主语，即使由其他的名词通过 with、as well as、in addition to、except、together
with 和 no less than 与之相连时，谓语动词仍然用单数形式。
- His speech as well as his manner is objectionable.
- 系动词（后接表语）应与其主语在数上保持一致，例如：
- What is wanted is a few more pairs of hands.
- The trouble with truth is its many varieties.
- 有些名词表面上是复数形式，但语法上通常看作单数，因此谓语动词用单数形式：
- Politics is an art, not a science.
- The Republican Headquarters is on this side of the tracks.
- 一本书的目录（contents）通常是单数概念，一个坛子里的东西是单数还是复数，则取决于装的是什么。

《英文写作指南》的笔记-第53页 - 第二章 写作的基本规则

- 规则十九 使用相似的形式表达并列的意思
- 内容和功能上相似的表达方式外表要相似。
- Formerly science was taught by the textbook method, while now
the laboratory method is employed.
- Formerly, science was fought by the textbook method; now it
is taught by the laboratory method.
- 凡适用于一组词语中的哥哥词的介词或冠词，要么只在第一个词前使用，要么在每一个词前都用。
- in spring, summer, or winter
- in spring, in summer, or in winter
- 有些词在某些习惯用法中需要一个特定的介词。当这些词在一个复合结构中连用，除非介词相同，否则必须把所有恰当的介词都表达出来。
- His speech was marked by disagreement with and scorn for his
opponent’s position.
- 关联词语 both, and、not, but、not only, but also、either, or、first,
second, third 等应后随相同的语法结构（表达方式）。
- The ceremony was both long and tedious.
- A time not for words but for action.
- You must either grant his request or incur his ill will.
- My objection are, first, that the measure is unjust; second,
that it is unconstitutional.