全球通史（英文第7版上下）

作者简介

From the Author to the Reader

Each age writes its own history. Not because the earlier history is wrong, but because each age faces new problems, asks new questions, and seeks new answers. This precept is self-evident today when the tempo of change is increasing exponentially, creating a correspondingly urgent need for new history posing new questions and offering new answers.

Our own generation, for example, was brought up on West-oriented history, and naturally so, in a West-dominated world. The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were an era of Western hegemony in politics, in economics, and in culture. But the two World Wars and the ensuing colonial revolutions quickly ended that hegemony, as evidenced by the disappearance of the great European empires from the maps of the world. The names and the colors on the maps changed radically, reflecting the new world that had emerged by the mid-twentieth century.

Slowly and reluctantly we recognized that our traditional West-oriented history was irrelevant and misleading in this world. A new global perspective was needed to make sense of the altered circumstances. The transition from the old to the new was achieved, albeit with much soul searching and acrimony. By the 1960s the reality of the shift was evident in the emergence of the World History Association, in the appearance of the Journal of World History, and in the publication of the first edition of this text.

This brings us back to our original question: Why publish a new edition for the twentieth-first century, only a few decades after the first edition? The answer is the same as the answer given to justify the first edition: a new world requires a correspondingly new historical approach. The postcolonial world of the 1960s necessitated a new global history. Today the equally new world of the 1990s, and of the twentieth-first century, requires an equally new historical approach. The new world of the 1960s was in large part the product of the colonial revolutions. The new world of the 1990s , as Pope Pius VI noted, is the product of the “magic influence of science and technology”. The pervasiveness of this influence is evident in the “gigantic problems” it has created in all aspects of our lives. For example, students of the late twentieth century doubtless remember their daily prostration under their wooden desks, probably wondering what protection those flimsy structures could offer against nuclear bombs.

The generation of students had to face up to not only new dangers to human life, but also to unprecedented peril to the mother Earth which had given birth to that life. Oceanographer Jacques Cousteau has warmed: Mankind has probably done more damage to the Earth in the twentieth century than in all previous human history. Likewise the environmental organization Worldwatch Institute concluded in 1989: By the end of the next decade the die will pretty well be cast. As the world enters the twentieth-first century, the community of nations either will have rallied and turned back the threatening trends, or environmental deterioration and social disintegration will be feeding on each other.

书籍目录

英文目录地图索引致读者致谢图片来源第一编　史前人类 　第1章 引言：世界史的性质 　第2章　人类——食物采集者 第二编  欧亚大陆的古典文明（公元500年之前）  第3章  最初的欧亚大陆文明  第4章  古典文明开启欧亚大陆一致性  第5章  希腊——罗马文明  第6章  印度文明  第7章  中国文明  第8章  古典文明的终结  历史对今天的启示 文明：是祸还是福？第三编  欧亚大陆中世纪的文明  第9章  中世纪文明形成欧亚大陆一致性  第10章  伊斯兰教的兴起  第11章  突厥人的蒙古人的入侵  第12章  传统的拜占廷文明  第13章 传统的儒家文明  第14章 革命的西方文明  历史对今天的启示  发达社会与“遏制领先”第四编  公元1500年以前的非欧亚大陆世界  第15章 非洲  第16章 美洲和澳大利亚  第17章 欧洲扩前夕的世界  历史对今天的启示 历史中的民族第五编  1500年以前诸孤立地区的世界  第18章  西方扩张时的穆斯林世界  第19章  西方扩张的儒家世界  第20章  扩张中的西方文化：文艺复兴和宗教改革  第21章  西方文明的扩张：经济扩张和国家建设  历史对今天的启示  历史与关于历史的流行理论第六编  西方崛起的世界   第22章  西欧的扩张：伊比利息亚阶段  第23章  西欧的扩张：荷兰、法国、英国阶段  第24章  俄国在亚洲的扩张  第25章  全球统一性的开始  历史对今天的启示  从世界历史看地区自治与全球统一第七编  西方据优势地位时的世界第八编  1914年以来西方衰落与成功的世界术语表索引

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尤其值得一提的是，《全球通史(上下)》(第7版)作者文笔隽永、笔力深厚、才思横溢，整部著作前后一贯。 这里呈现原汁原味的英文版以飨广大读者，让您在颇具历史韵律的行文中思接千载，视通万里。

内容概要

作者：(美国)斯塔夫里阿诺斯斯塔夫里阿诺斯，是美国加州大学的历史学教授，享誉世界的历史学家，曾获得过古根海姆奖、福特杰出教师奖秒各克菲勒基金奖等一系列学术荣誉。虽然他以《全球通史》享誉世界，但实际上他著述颇丰，还有大量其他伤口为学术界称道。除《全球通史》外，斯塔夫里阿诺斯的作品还包括《1453年以来的巴尔干各国》、《奥斯曼帝国：它是欧洲的病人吗？》、《全球分裂：第三世界的历史进程》和《源自我们过去的生命线：新世界史》等。 斯塔夫里阿诺斯教授已于2004年3月23日在美国加州荷亚去世，本书不但是斯氏《全球通史》的最新版本，也成了其最后版本。

媒体关注与评论

书评近年来，在用全球观点或包含全球内容重新进行世界史写作的尝试中，最具有推动作用的那些著作恰恰是由历史学家个人独立完成的，其中以斯塔夫里阿诺斯的《全球通史》最为著名。                                         ——杰弗里·巴勒克拉夫    《全球通史》给了我强烈的真实感：它是一种思想武器，可以用来救治我们现在所面临的由于陶醉于技术进步而产生的深重的精神危机；它有助于人们理解未来，包含各种可能性和选择的未

章节摘录

　　Ⅳ.MONGOL DECLINE　　The basic reason for the decline of the Mongols was that they were too few in number and too primitive in relation to their subject peoples.The Mongols， as Pushkin put it， were "Arabs without Aristotle and algebra." This left them wlnerable to assimilation as soon as they dis-mounted from their horses and settled down to enjoy their conquests. In this respect they dif-fered fundamentally from the Arabs， who had both a language and a religion that their sub-jects were willing to adopt and which served as strong bonds for imperial unity. The Mongols，being less advanced than the Arabs， enjoyed no such advantage. Rather， the opposite was the case with them， for they adopted the languages，religions， and cultures of their more-advanced subjects and thereby lost their identity. This was the root reason why their empire dissolved so soon after its creation.　　Indicative of the assimilation process was Kublai Khan's decision to move the Mongol cap-ital from Karakorum to Peking. Inevitably he became a Chinese-style emperor， ruling from a palace of Chinese design， conducting elaborate Confucian ceremonies， and building new Con-fucian temples. As the Grand Khan， he was nominally the suzerain of all the Mongol khanates. Actually his authority did not extend beyond China. His brother Arikboga had con- tested his election as Grand Khan. Kublai Khan had prevailed only after a four-year struggle.Then he was challenged by his cousin， Kaidu，who controlled Turkestan， and the ensuing forty-year civil war ended in stalemate. Thus the Mongol Empire was shattered by internal dynas-tic rivalries as well as by cultural assimilation.　　While Kublai Khan was becoming a Chi-nese emperor， Hulagu was becoming a Persian ruler. With Tabriz as his capital he established the so-called Ilkhanate. （The term Ilkhan means "subject Khan" and was applied to the Mongol rulers of Persia as subordinates to the Grand Khan.） His successor's adoption of Islam in 1295 as the offiaal religion both reflected and acceler-ated the Mongols' assimilation into their Iran-ian-lslamic milieu. Likewise the Golden Horde across the Caucasus went its own way， influ-enced by the native Christian Orthodox culture and by the official Islamic creed. Before long the only remaining pure Mongols were those in ancestral Mongolia， where they came under the influence of Buddhism and sank into impotent obscurity.　　It is a tribute to Marco Polo's keen insight that he foresaw Mongol decline even when he was serving under the great Kublai Khan. In his account of his travels， Marco Polo made the fol-lowing significant analysis of the assimilation of the Mongols by the people they conquered.　　All this that I have been telling you is true of the manners and customs of the genuine Tatars [Mon-gols]. But I must add also that in these days they are greatly degenerated； for those who are settled in Cathay have taken up the practices of the Idolaters of the country， and have abandoned their own institu-tions； whilst those who have settled in the Levant have adopted the customs of the Saracens.　　Ⅴ.TURKISH REVIVAL　　Since the Mongols were so few in number， they had taken an ever-increasing proportion of Turks into their armies. Then with the breakup of the empire these Moslem Turks quickly came to the fore， as they had earlier in the caliphate before the Mongol onslaught. A succession of military adventurers now rose and fell in the struggle for control of the central Eurasian steppes. The most remarkable of these was Timur， known to Europe as Tamerlane. He seized Samarkand in 1369， and from there he struck out in all direc-tions. First he destroyed the Ilkhanate in Persia and Mesopotamia， then defeated the Golden Horde in Russia and the Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor， and he even invaded India and sacked Delhi. He was determined to make his capital，Samarkand， the finest city in the world， and after each campaign he sent back caravans loaded with booty， together with craftmakers，artists， astrologers， and scholars. At its height，his empire extended from the Mediterranean to China， and Timur was preparing to invade the latter country when he died in 1405. His empire then disintegrated even more rapidly than that of the Mongols.　　……

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