计算机组成与设计

作者简介

《计算机组成与设计:硬件/软件接口(英文版·第4版·ARM版)》采用了一个MIPS处理器来展示计算机硬件技术、流水线、存储器层次结构以及I／O等基本功能。此外。《计算机组成与设计:硬件/软件接口(英文版·第4版·ARM版)》还包括一些关于x86架构的介绍。

这本最畅销的计算机组成书籍经过全面更新，关注现今发生在计算机体系结构领域的革命性变革：从单处理器发展到多核微处理器。此外，出版这本书的ARM版是为了强调嵌入式系统对于全亚洲计算行业的重要性，并采用ARM处理器来讨论实际计算机的指令集和算术运算。因为ARM是用于嵌入式设备的最流行的指令集架构，而全世界每年约销售40亿个嵌入式设备。与前几版一样。

采用ARMv6（ARM 11系列）为主要架构来展示指令系统和计算机算术运算的基本功能。

覆盖从串行计算到并行计算的革命性变革，新增了关于并行化的一章，并且每章中还有一些强调并行硬件和软件主题的小节。

新增一个由NVIDIA的首席科学家和架构主管撰写的附录，介绍了现代GPU的出现和重要性，首次详细描述了这个针对可视计算进行了优化的高度并行化、多线程、多核的处理器。

描述一种度量多核性能的独特方法——“Roofline model”，自带benchmark测试和分析AMD Opteron X4、Intel Xeo 5000、Sun Ultra SPARC T2和IBM Cell的性能。

涵盖了一些关于闪存和虚拟机的新内容。提供了大量富有启发性的练习题，内容达200多页。

将AMD Opteron X4和Intel Nehalem作为贯穿《计算机组成与设计:硬件/软件接口(英文版·第4版·ARM版)》的实例。

用SPEC CPU2006组件更新了所有处理器性能实例。



海报：

书籍目录

ContentsPrefaceCHAPTERS1 Computer Abstractions and Technology  1.1 Introduction  1.2 Below Your Program  1.3 Under the Covers  1.4 Performance  1.5 The Power Wall  1.6 The Sea Change: The Switch from Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors  1.7 Real Stuff: Manufacturing and Benchmarking the AMD Opteron X4  1.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls  1.9 Concluding Remarks  1.10 Historical Perspective and Further Reading  1.11 Exercises2 Instructions: Language of the Computer  2.1 Introduction  2.2 Operations of the Computer Hardware  2.3 Operands of the Computer Hardware  2.4 Signed and Unsigned Numbers  2.5 Representing Instructions in the Computer  2.6 Logical Operations  2.7 Instructions for Making Decisions  2.8 Supporting Procedures in Computer Hardware  2.9 Communicating with People  2.10 ARM Addressing for 32-Bit Immediates and More Complex Addressing Modes  2.11 Parallelism and Instructions: Synchronization  2.12 Translating and Starting a Program  2.13 A C Sort Example to Put It All Together  : This icon identi.es material on the  2.14 Arrays versus Pointers  2.15 Advanced Material: Compiling C and Interpreting Java  2.16 Real Stuff: MIPS Instructions  2.17 Real Stuff: x86 Instructions  2.18 Fallacies and Pitfalls  2.19 Concluding Remarks  2.20 Historical Perspective and Further Reading  2.21 Exercises3 Arithmetic for Computers  3.1 Introduction  3.2 Addition and Subtraction  3.3 Multiplication  3.4 Division  3.5 Floating Point  3.6 Parallelism and Computer Arithmetic: Associativity  3.7 Real Stuff: Floating Point in the x86  3.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls  3.9 Concluding Remarks  3.10 Historical Perspective and Further Reading  3.11 Exercises4 The Processor  4.1 Introduction  4.2 Logic Design Conventions  4.3 Building a Datapath  4.4 A Simple Implementation Scheme  4.5 An Overview of Pipelining  4.6 Pipelined Datapath and Control  4.7 Data Hazards: Forwarding versus Stalling  4.8 Control Hazards  4.9 Exceptions  4.10 Parallelism and Advanced Instruction-Level Parallelism  4.11 Real Stuff: the AMD Opteron X4 (Barcelona) Pipeline  4.12 Advanced Topic: an Introduction to Digital Design Using a Hardware Design Language to Describe and Model a Pipeline and More Pipelining Illustrations  4.13 Fallacies and Pitfalls  4.14 Concluding Remarks  4.15 Historical Perspective and Further Reading  4.16 Exercises5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy  5.1 Introduction  5.2 The Basics of Caches  5.3 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance  5.4 Virtual Memory  5.5 A Common Framework for Memory Hierarchies  5.6 Virtual Machines  5.7 Using a Finite-State Machine to Control a Simple Cache  5.8 Parallelism and Memory Hierarchies: Cache Coherence  5.9 Advanced Material: Implementing Cache Controllers  5.10 Real Stuff: the AMD Opteron X4 (Barcelona) and Intel Nehalem Memory Hierarchies  5.11 Fallacies and Pitfalls  5.12 Concluding Remarks  5.13 Historical Perspective and Further Reading  5.14 Exercises6 Storage and Other I/O Topics  6.1 Introduction  6.2 Dependability, Reliability, and Availability  6.3 Disk Storage  6.4 Flash Storage  6.5 Connecting Processors, Memory, and I/O Devices  6.6 Interfacing I/O Devices to the Processor, Memory, and Operating System  6.7 I/O Performance Measures: Examples from Disk and File Systems  6.8 Designing an I/O System  6.9 Parallelism and I/O: Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks  6.10 Real Stuff: Sun Fire x4150 Server  6.11 Advanced Topics: Networks  6.12 Fallacies and Pitfalls  6.13 Concluding Remarks  6.14 Historical Perspective and Further Reading  6.15 Exercises  Multicores, Multiprocessors, and Clusters  7.1 Introduction  7.2 The Dif.culty of Creating Parallel Processing Programs  7.3 Shared Memory Multiprocessors  7.4 Clusters and Other Message-Passing Multiprocessors  7.5 Hardware Multithreading  7.6 SISD, MIMD, SIMD, SPMD, and Vector  7.7 Introduction to Graphics Processing Units  7.8 Introduction to Multiprocessor Network Topologies  7.9 Multiprocessor Benchmarks  7.10 Roo.ine: A Simple Performance Model  7.11 Real Stuff: Benchmarking Four Multicores Using the Roo. ine Model  7.12 Fallacies and Pitfalls  7.13 Concluding Remarks  7.14 Historical Perspective and Further Reading  7.15 ExercisesIndex I-1

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前言

We believe that learning in computer science and engineering should reflect the current state of the field, as well as introduce the principles that are shaping com- puting. We also feel that readers in every specialty of computing need to appreciate the organizational paradigms that determine the capabilities, performance, and, ultimately, the success of computer systems.Modern computer technology requires professionals of every computing spe- cialty to understand both hardware and software. The interaction between hard- ware and software at a variety of levels also offers a framework for understanding the fundamentals of computing. Whether your primary interest is hardware or software, computer science or electrical engineering, the central ideas in computer organization and design are the same. Thus, our emphasis in this book is to show the relationship between hardware and software and to focus on the concepts that are the basis for current computers.The recent switch from uniprocessor to multicore microprocessors confirmed the soundness of this perspective, given since the first edition. While programmers could once ignore that advice and rely on computer architects, compiler writers, and silicon engineers to make their programs run faster without change, that era is now over. For programs to run faster, they must become parallel. While the goal of many researchers is to make it possible for programmers to be unaware of the underlying parallel nature of the hardware they are programming, it will take many years to realize this vision. Our view is that for at least the next decade, most programmers are going to have to understand the hardware/software interface if they want programs to run efficiently on parallel computers.The audience for this book includes those with little experience in assembly language or logic design who need to understand basic computer organization as well as readers with backgrounds in assembly language and/or logic design who want to learn how to design a computer or understand how a system works and why it performs as it does.

内容概要

John L．Hennessy斯坦福大学校长，IEEE和DACM会士，美国国家工程研究院院士及美国科学艺术研究院院士，因在RISC技术方面做出的突出贡献而荣获T2001年的Eckert—Mauchly奖。同时他也是2001年SeymourCray计算机工程奖得主，并且和本书另外一位作者David A．Paterson分享了2000年的IEEE John von Neumann奖。

    加州大学伯克利分校计算机科学系教授，美国国家工程研究院院士，lEEE和ACM会员，曾因成功的启发式教育方法被IEEE授予James H.MIAligan，Jr.教育奖章。他因为对RISC技术的贡献而荣获1 995年IEEE技术成就奖。在RAID技术方面的成就为他赢得了1999年lEEE Reyrlold Johnson信息存储奖。2000年他和John L Henrlessy分享了冯·诺伊曼奖。

媒体关注与评论

“本版特别之处在于采用ARM取代了早先使用MIPS作为核心处理器来讲述计算机设计的蓉本原则，约本书增加了另一个屡面的内涵。ARM作为嵌入式领域的量流处理器，在嵌入式计算领域具有非常重要的意义。本书弥补了现有数学体降系中的空白，即有针对性垲向掌习嵌入式系统的学生讲授计算机组成的基本原理。同以往版本一样，本书仍主要介绍计算机硬件／软件接口，弄巧妙地将其与嵌入式系统设计的基本知识相联系。”　　——Ranjani Parthasarathi Anna大学，印度钦奈

章节摘录

插图：Diameters of hard disks vary by more than a factor of 3 today, from 1 inch to 35 inches, and have been shrunk over the years to fit into new products; workstation servers, personal computers, laptops, palmtops, and digital cameras have all inspired new disk form factors Traditionally, the widest disks have the highest performance and the smallest disks have the lowest unit cost The best cost per gigabyte varies Although most hard drives appear inside computers, as in Figure 17, hard drives can also be attached using external interfaces such as universal serial bus（USB）.The use of mechanical components means that access times for magnetic disks are much slower than for DRAMs: disks typically take 5-20 milliseconds, while DRAMs take 50-70 nanoseconds——making DRAMs about 100,000 times faster Yet disks have much lower costs than DRAM for the same storage capacity, because the production costs for a given amount of disk storage are lower than for the same amount of integrated circuit In 2008, the cost per gigabyte of disk is 30 to 100 times less expensive than DRAM.Thus, there are three primary differences between magnetic disks and main memory: disks are nonvolatile because they are magnetic; they have a slower access time because they are mechanical devices; and they are cheaper per gigabyte because they have very high storage capacity at a modest cost.Many have tried to invent a technology cheaper than DRAM but faster than disk to fill that gap, but many have failed Challengers have never had a product to market at the right time By the time a new product would ship, DRAMs and disks had continued to make rapid advances, costs had dropped accordingly, and the challenging product was immediately obsoleteFlash memory, however, is a serious challenger This semiconductor memory is nonvolatile like disks and has about the same bandwidth, but latency is 100 to 1000 times faster than disk Flash is popular in cameras and portable music players because it comes in much smaller capacities, it is more rugged, and it is more power efficient than disks, despite the cost per gigabyte in 2008 being about 6 to 10 times higher than disk Unlike disks and DRAM, flash memory bits wear out after 100,000 to 1,000,000 writes Thus, file systems must keep track of the number of writes and have a strategy to avoid wearing out storage, such as by moving popular data Chapter 6 describes flash in more detail.Although hard drives are not removable, there are several storage technologies in use that indude the following:Optical disks, including both compact disks （CDs） and digital video disks （DVDs）, constitute the most common form of removable storage The Blu- Ray （BD） optical disk standard is the heir-apparent to DVD Flash-based removable memory cards typically attach to a USB connection and are often used to transfer files.Magnetic tape provides only slow serial access and has been used to back up.disks, a role now often replaced by duplicate hard drives.

图书封面

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