《大学英语阅读进阶》章节试读

《大学英语阅读进阶》的笔记-第1页 - 全书

《大学英语阅读进阶》
提高阅读技巧的八大步骤
1、 vocabulary in context 语境中的词汇
four clues: examples； synonyms 同义词；antonyms 反义词； general sense 文章大意
2、 main ideas: 明确作者的主题思想，“作者想表达的主要观点是什么？”
明确主题思想的方法：
（1）能找到general point及其对应的supporting details
（2）主题≠主要观点，先找到主题（expressed in words rather than sentences, like influences on ***）可帮助明确主要观点。
（3）利用提示词如several reasons/factors/effect/results等来确定supporting details 或main idea.
主题思想一般的位置：
（1） 段首；
（2） 段落的第二部分，第一部分仅是引入主题或作为作者观点的对照，而后以yet, however, but等引出main idea；
（3） 段末重申观点
3、supporting details：including reasons，examples，facts，steps and other kinds of evidences. 注意的是，有主要细节和次要细节(major details & minor details)，次要细节进一步支持主要细节。发现supporting details的clue words like last of all, moreover, furthermore, in addition……
做读书笔记的方法：
（1） 列提纲，要注意列提纲的标注方法以分好层次，用数字123标注major details，用字母abc标注minor details；
（2） 画图表/树状图；
（3） 篇章小结，同样要包括main idea, major & minor details，不同的是以文章的形式简要而连贯地表达出来。summarize的注意项：重要术语不应再加以概括，应用作者原话表述，再配以简洁的支持性细节、例子。
4、发现implied main idea 或称 推理 inference。作者会很狗血地不直接亮出主要观点，而只是说一些例子或其他来暗示自己的观点。
方法：（1）先确定主题，先知道它在讲哪方面的内容，用词来概括。如：effect of acid rain; air pollution类似的。Repeated words 很可能就是主题。
（2）明确主题后，因为作者没有自己亮出观点，读者所看到的只是一堆supporting details。因此自己要用自己的话来推断、表述作者想要说的main point，已涵盖本段话的大部分supporting details，这在一定程度上是读者的创造。
推理的注意项：
（1）永远不要忽视已给信息。
（2）运用背景知识和生活经验
（3）考虑导出其他观点的可能性
***在小说或其他文学作品，经常会出现图画式的有生动细节句群，这也需要我们的推断。
5、语句或段落间的关系（between main point & supporting details or between supporting details）。
六种relationship：
（1） addition补充性(for one thing , also , moreover, in addition… )；
（2） time order((like first, next, then, after)；
（3） illustration 举例说明(for instance, such as…)；
（4） Comparison类比 (in a similar manner, in the same way, resemble, likewise…..)；
（5） contrast对比，突出差异性和转折关系（unlike, as opposed to, rather than, conversely on the contrary, instead, in contrast, while ；even though, still, nevertheless, however, despite ）
（6） cause and effect 因果关系（lead to, result in， as a consequence，therefore，accordingly….）
6、辨别fact & opinion 。后者有价值判断含有感情色彩的形容词；提出建议的含should ought to之类的词。
7、目的与语气 purpose and tone
三种泛目的：inform; persuade; entertain.
Tone 可以显现作者的feelings和心态、境界 。愤怒，同情，难过，绝望，恐惧、自怜、愉悦、平静、自嘲、积极乐观、怀旧、惊讶、犹豫、反讽（表面的句子意思与实际的意图相反）……
8、论证 argument。
（1）首先要辨识论点和论据。
（2）批判地评价论据：相关性与充分性。
更进一步的评价错误论据可能的情况：
a. （不相关的一个表现）人身攻击——忽略论点讨论的问题本身而去攻击对方的性格或私生活，不去讨论对方对公共事物的意见。
b. 循环论证——因为A，所以A。
c. （不充分的一个表现）错误归因——因为A发生在B之前，所以A是B的原因。
d. （不充分的一个表现）错误类比——类比的两食物在重要方面不同而仅在次要特征上相同。
e. 稻草人——将一种明显错误或不受欢迎的观点、对方根本没有支持的观点强加在对方身上。
f. 非此即彼——问题本身实际上存在多种可能的时候只提供了两种选择。

《大学英语阅读进阶》的笔记-第578页 - night watch 写作练习

Top 1 :“In a uniquely human way, there are people who care what happens to their fellow human beings.”
a. If I were the son of the old man, when I heard that another Marine had been comforting my dying dad in his last hours, I would feel grateful for sure. Whether I had been really there companying with my father is totally unimportant, what is really important is that my father had believed and thus been consoled by the fact that he had his son was right there with him and he was not alone. The Marine had helped my father calmly face and not be afraid of the death, and I am ashamed that I had not been there to help my beloved one. I am grateful that my father had not been restless forward his death because of my absence.
b. There once was a time when I felt needed, it was once a pleasant experience; but now when I recall the memory, it was more like a burden. My friend Georgina, she needed me in every thing. One thing annoys me most is that she needed my attention whenever she feels ignored or depressed. She rings me so often and say the most dulling and stupid things. She just needs an eye watching her otherwise she would feel upset and I am no more than a tool that provide such attention. When we talked in the phone, she said much about what happened to her, trivial stuff mostly, while she rarely asked me how I was going or asked in a stupid and indifferent way. I have been tired of such conversation.
I would like to offer help to my friend, but I don’t want to be a sheer tool. I am not happy in that relationship because how I feel is taken little account of.
c.People would care about people to whom they have no particular obligation and what do the givers gain? Take my experiences for examples.
Is it a nature of human being? I mean, to a certain extent, helping others in need is just like that we are helping ourselves. We all are members of human beings and thus we are able to share the same feelings in some particular occasions. I remember in the novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being , (男主角看到女主角发烧的样子不忍心赶她走,于是把她留下来了，而他从来没让任何女生留下过) I guess the givers gain nothing but love, the love that prove his or her existence, that prove his or her relationship with the world. If one could not feel the hurt as others feel, he or she is dead literally. Whenever one shuts the door to others, he or she at the same time cut the relations with others, or maybe humans and the world.